The Reform Of Progressive Era Brought - 936 Words

Not everyone welcomed the reforms that Progressive era brought. As people who believed in Constitution of United States is the best political charter yet created by mankind, â€Å"conserve† it and handed it down to the next generation as it is the best practice to guarantee the free exercise of the inherent rights of individual through strictly limiting the power of the government, Elihu Root, William Howard Taft and Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr., leading members of the Republican Party, faced challenging time during the Progressive era. They strove to â€Å"conserve† the core principles of the American constitutionalism from reformist of Progressivism. As people trust that our (Americans) liberties can remain secure only if government is so limited that it cannot infringe upon inherent rights, they resisted the Progressive ambitions for direct, unrestrained democracy and the resulting the attacks on the courts, representative government, and the traditional limits of the pres idency. Three men, mentioned above, understood and accepted the necessity of Progressive reforms, and new Amendments, although many people saw them as a big boulder blocking their way to Progressive. In fact, they didn’t try to The Sixteenth Amendment had widespread support, and they gave it theirs in part to end the bitter disputes about tariff schedules that had long divided the Republican Party. It is also worth noting that the first income tax passed under the Sixteenth Amendment had a top rate of 7 percent andShow MoreRelatedUnit 8 DBQ904 Words   |  4 PagesCameron  Richter   Period  0   Unit  8  DBQ   Prompt:  Evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  Progressive  Era  reformers  and  the  federal  government  in   bringing  about  reform  at  the  national  level.  In  your  answer  be  sure  to  analyze  the  successes  and   limitations  of  these  efforts  in  the  period  190 ­1920.      The  Progressive  movement  was  an  effort  to  cure  American  society  of  many  of  the  ill   ideals  that  had  developed  during  the  later  parts  of  the  19th  and  the  early  20th  centuries  because   of  the  growth  of  industry.  Although  great  cities  and  businesses  developedRead MoreThe Progressive Era And The New Deal1103 Words   |  5 Pages Despite existing during two different times in the history of the United States, it can be argued that the New Deal reforms reflected the reform traditions of the Progressive Era. When examining the New Deal, Progressive influence is evident based first off of the social and political issues addressed by reforms. Second, the reforms from the two times themselves are uncannily similar, again due to the focus on the same problems existing in the United States. In addition to this, the icing on theRead MoreProgressive Era And Liberal Era1382 Words   |  6 Pages DBQ Progressive Era Essay Many citizens throughout the Progressive Era believed no changes occurred in the society because the press did not write about the changes and the Woman’s Suffrage Movement did not change either. However, changes such as the government changing, both the labor and meat inspection reforms, and trusts reforms indeed brought about change, noticeable or not. Therefore, the Progressive era brought great social, political, and economic change by bettering the overall lives ofRead MoreThe During The Progressive Era989 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, various groups responded to the political, social, and economic woes that resulted from the rapid industrialization and urbanization of America during the 19th Century. The mass immigration of foreigners and the northern migration of Africa-Americans led to urban overcrowding and competition for wage-paying jobs. Electric lighting allowed factories to expand the working hours and increase the output of manufactured goo ds. There was little regulation for employee welfareRead MoreProgressive Era Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Progressive Era and the New Deal. Rapid changes after the Civil War brought on a need for economic, social and political reforms. Before the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government took a very hands-off approach and had little involvement in, and little care for the welfare of the American people. With the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government became more involved and responsive to the public and implemented many revisions and reforms. The Progressive Era wasRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Gilded Age1455 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the progressive era there were many reform movements due to the abundance of political, social, and economical corruption in America in the gilded age as seen by political machines like William Marcy tweed and American financiers like J.P. Morgan. Some of the many issues that made themselves present i n the gilded age include the large wealth gap, child labor, women’s lack of rights, influx of immigrants, Urbanization, Indian wars, monopolists, political machines, and alcoholism. All ofRead MoreEssay on Womens Role in the Progressive Era612 Words   |  3 PagesBefore the Progressive Era women found themselves in traditional roles raising the family and keeping the families moral compass pointing in the proper manner. Many of them never considered life outside of them home, as this was how they were raised. In the advent of the beginning years of the Progressive Era with many of the largest companies controlling the largest chunks of America’s financial interests these same women were looking outside. By this I mean, the very important job they had raisingRead MoreThe Progressive Era1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Progressive Era Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopolies and so forth. During thisRead MoreThe Progressive Movement in the US Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesAbrams, he says the progressives mostly sought to introduce old moral beliefs on Americans by trying to integrate Immigrants by making them accept the ways of American life. But Abrams states those goals were ruined for important motives. One being the movement failed because of racism, which was widespread, throughout this time era. Abrams also considers the new scientific developments concerning culture and race affected the movement in a relevant manner. Conversely, progressives thought differentlyRead More The Progressive Era Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages The Progressive Era nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopolies

The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay - 1005 Words

While some people might say that stem cell research is immoral and unethical, others believe that it is a magical solution for almost any problem, thus leading to a very controversial issue. Scientists have been searching for years for ways to eradicate incurable diseases and perform other medical procedures that yesterdays technology would not fix. With the rapidly arising, positive research on stem cell technology, the potential that exists to restore any deficiency is in the same way, likely to destroy humanity. America is suffering from its inability to choose who holds precedence over this issue. Too many of us find it impossible to reach a basis for which our differing opinions can be shared and formed into a universal and†¦show more content†¦This begs the question of what is value. Today in America, the definition of value can be thought of as something that is of worth and importance, meaning that whoever possesses this value, will indirectly gain from it. So , if these valuable cells are used for tissue and organ regeneration, then the recipient is the possessor who will indirectly gain from it. In support of this concept, Gaymon Bennett, co-author of Stem Cell Research and the Claim of the Other in the Human Subject, mentioned: More than one ethical position on stem cell research could be called religious; and as a Christian, could ethically support stem cell research because of its potential for relieving human suffering and enhancing human health and well-being. There is more than one way to be moral, more than one way to translate ones faith commitments into public policy. (185) To add opposing force, some ethicists believe that the human embryo is the most vulnerable of human beings and that destruction of it should be forbidden. A Lutheran bioethicist proclaims, the human embryo is the weakest and least advantaged of our fellow human beings, and citing Karl Barth adds, and no community is `really strong if it will not carry its...weakest members (Peters and Bennett 187). There are those who hold a parallel yet contradictory position when it comes to embryonic cells. They do not recognize theShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research in Ethics999 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research in Ethics We are entering a brave new world where one can grow a heart in a petri plate then go on to surgically putting it into a real living boy who desperately needs it. This sounds like a tale of fiction. However now, scientists are currently working to produce such organs that save lives and obviate the usual failure and feared rejection by the recipient’s body. Stem cell research has traditionally been perceived to be horrific when it destroys a living embryo itselfRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthese outstanding medical advances a self-renewing stem cell that regenerates and gives rise to all cells and tissues of the body was discovered. The controversy of such finding of abilities of stem cell is that they can only be extracted from the human embryo. In order to extort stem cells from the embryo it needs to be aborted. The extraction needs to be done just days after conception or between the fifth and the ninth week. Though stem cell rese arch has astonishing potential to save many lives dueRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1365 Words   |  6 PagesStem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into different types of cells in the body. Stem cells also act as a repair system for many tissues in the body by dividing repeatedly to replenish other cells within a person (National Institutes of Health). Stem cell research seeks to further the advancement of the use of stem cells as well as to find an ethical way to study them. In November 1998, researchers found a way to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells, (Bevington 2005).Read MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1643 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Thomas Philosophy 3520 Bioethics The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Science fiction has tried to encapsulate social responses that could arise with the development of genetically altered or â€Å"enhanced† human beings. Regenerative medicine, genetic cloning and life extension are all terms that sound like they came out of a fantastic film or novel, though they are in fact subjects of great research and heated debates. Embryonic stem cells are arguably the quintessential building block ofRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research Essay1994 Words   |  8 Pagesscience, stem cells have, and are still, been the subject of multiple court cases, some of which conclude with the defendant s case winning. For example in the Moore v. Regents of University of California et al, the plaintiff accused the Regents of University of California, specifically Dr. Golde, of using his cells for lucrative medical research without his permission (Moore v. The Regents of The University of California et al., 1990). This case doesn’t specifically address st em cells, but it openedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research2651 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research: How the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Changed Them Few areas in science are surrounded by as much controversy as the area of stem cell research. Some scientists and doctors see it as a way to return their patients to wellness, while others claim it’s taking a life. Recent break-throughs in science and medicine may yield a safer alternative to the use of stem cells from embryos. Embryonic stem cell research should not be allowed, because it is unethical to takeRead MoreThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay741 Words   |  3 Pages Embryonic stem cell research can be easily defined. A stem is defined as something that is developed from. A cell is defined as a microscopic living organism. According to Dennis Hollinger, Embryonic stem cell research uses from the embryos inner cell mass that give rise to each of the human bodys many different tissue types(1). In our modern day society, stem cell research has become a controversial topic. Several people strongly oppose the idea of the research, but many are struggling forRead M oreThe Ethics And Morality Of Stem Cell Research1990 Words   |  8 Pages The Ethics and Morality Of Stem Cell Research When does life begin? Does it occur at the time of fertilization? Does it begin at 12 weeks? 6? Or is there some other test determining whether or not a life begins and along with it the rights, that reside to man. The natural rights that belong to every human being, most importantly of which, the right to life. This is the discussion and debate that have been in the forefront of controversial issues for the past 40 years. In most cases the topicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1520 Words   |  7 PagesGulyas American Government 16 December 2014 The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research In the 21st century, disease is rampant and for most diseases, we have no cure because we haven t researched them long enough to find a specialized cure. One option that we have is human embryonic stem cell (HESC) research. HESC research consists of using human embryonic stem cells, which are very flexible and adaptive to create the necessary cells to develop future cell-based therapies for currently untreatable diseasesRead MoreStem Cell Research, Ethics And Policy Essay2393 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Stem cell research and engineering is a widely disputed topic that often divides people in science, ethics, and religion. In order to fully understand the controversy surrounding this area of scientific research and discovery, one must be informed as to what stem cells are. In the article, â€Å"Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Research, Ethics and Policy†, stem cells are described as â€Å"primitive cells with the capacity to divide and give rise to more identical stem cells or to specialize and

National Cultural and Multinational Business

Question: Discuss about the National Cultural and Multinational Business. Answer: Introduction Management theories are of the opinion that the only objective of a corporation is to maximize its profit subject to the constraints it faces. The primary factor in such a model is that the shareholder acts as the ultimate residual to claim profits and who provides all the required resources needed by the firm to run its operations. But, to do this different companies opt for different methods. Moreover there is a variation quite high about what or to what extent a firm can compete for pursuing maximization of profits. While some corporate entities focus more on their short term goals or returns some are for the long run (Eccles 2011);. Some might care less about the external impacts in their operations or on their shareholders while some might concentrate more on decision making on ethical grounds.The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast or analyze the similarities or dissimilarities of two distinctive companies. Comparison of the Vision Statements of CSL Ltd and Macquarie Group CSL Limited are the manufacturers, developers and marketers of pharmaceutical products with a biological origin. Their business encompasses the health care and they develop products made from the human plasma which claims to save lives, they are involved in diagnostics and pharmaceutical activities for the health of the community and they are also involved in providing vaccines and diagnostics services to livestock or companion animals. The vision statement of CSL Ltd comprises of the following:- Focus on customer by being passionate of meeting their every need. By being innovative and creating better products. Maintaining integrity by being honest and ethical in its operations. Believing in collaboration and working together for better results. Obtaining superior performance b being the best in whatever they do. With corporate offices in 28 countries, the Macquarie Group is a global financial service provider. Investment banking, advisory markets, capital markets, trading, hedging, asset finance, funds management, research and retail and financial are the areas covered by the company. They are diversified in their operations. Along with a robust management system in place and a strong capital fund they are considered to be one of the best financial contributors in last 47 years. The mission statement of Macquarie Groups is quite simple. They are completely committed in making the society enriched by delivering super efficient investment services. They are never afraid to challenge traditional wisdom and knowhow and prefer engaging themselves to change for pursuing growth. They are committed in putting their clients to be the heart of their business by developing and sustaining long customer relationships with them. They are a singular firm totally committed in delivering a complete range of skills, knowledge, resources to whoever needs. Diversification is accepted and differences in opinion are valued and respected ( Anonymous). Comparing the Values of the Two Companies The values and ethics of the CSL Group involve focus on the customers essentially and their satisfaction. Apart from this, it also entails innovation, integrity, collaboration and superior performance. On the other other hand, the values of the Macquarie Group have been explained in a more elaborate manner. The company has clearly stated the values of the company and claims that it follows them religiously. Some of the values of the Macquarie Group include an elaborate code of conduct that all employees are bound to follow, focus on integrity, enhancing accountability, provision of higher number of opportunities and an approach that takes into consideration the interests of the clients, the shareholders of the company and the people in general that are relative to the company in one way or the other. Comparing Corporate Social Responsibility Every company these days has a Corporate Social Responsibility that they follow outline and aim to follow while conducting business in all spheres. The Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives and details of the CSL Group have been elaborated in a perfect manner on its website. It is extensive in nature and includes almost every important factor about the CSR of any company. The priority areas of function of the company include researching, innovating and developing new medication for the areas not explored as yet. Furthermore, the company focuses on delivering the best quality therapies to the patients and ensuring the safety during the provision to treatments to the people. Apart from this, it also focuses on ensuring that the operations are carried out responsibly, provision of positive environment for the employees of the company, supporting the local community as far as possible, minimising the impacts on the environment while delivering the services provided by the company. There are a number of other important factors about the corporate social responsibility of the CSL group such as ensuring the safety and quality of life of the employees while at the workplace, following responsibility in the marketplace, improving the environmental conditions etc. Since the area of focus and services provision of the two companies are different from each other, hence, the Corporate Social Responsibility policies of the two companies may differ from each other. The corporate social responsibility of the Macquarie takes into consideration a number of similarities with CSL Group. The main objectives of the Macquarie CSR include: Ensuring the management of environmental and social risks Following the best ethical practices and conducting business along ethical lines only Safety and comfort of the people and workplace are also assured Complete management of investments, markets and products while ensuring the following of the best practices Engaging stakeholders to the best of the capacity and assurance to consider their valuable inputs. Comparing the Stakeholders For CSL Ltd stakeholders engagement is a matter of a responsibility of the corporate business. The primary stakeholders identified by the company are patients, crew, investors, suppliers, regulators, government, business partners, health care professionals, scientific research community and plasma donors. A varied range of activities is covered by the stakeholders at CSL Limited. Fetching and providing data or information, providing the health service professionals educational materials and collaboration and active dialogue with the representatives of the stakeholders. Different methods are used for the stakeholder's engagement. Survey of customers, visit to primary suppliers, conduct meetings and perception studies technique are some approaches (Perreault, 2013). The stakeholders community for Macquarie shows a very positive result. Funding and capital is the primary focus for the group. It also provides strategic analysis to the senior management and businesses of Macquaries. The financial management group ensures that the company keeps meeting the financial and compliance obligations and regulations. Their Investor Relations and Corporate Communication engages a varied range of stakeholders. Their list of active stakeholders comprises of investment analysts, rating specialists, media, government ,staff and a vast range of community members. The main objective is to make sure that their understanding about their stakeholders is maximised. Analysis of SMART Objectives The SMART objectives of the two companies will be measured along the lines of Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely factors. The objectives of the CSL Group include the following: Specific: Both the CSL and Macquarie Group is specific about what exactly they want to do, with whom and what. Their precise and clear conception about what their aim is makes them smoothly operate. Measurable - Both the firms have also quantified their objectives. That means they are aware how to measure these objectives. Achievable - Given the time, budget and resources in hand, the companies are successful to be able to achieve those objectives. Rather it can be stated that their corporate objectives are achievable. Realistic- Both Macquarie Group and CSL Limited is able to answer the question whether these objectives set are realistic enough to lead them to their desired results. Time bound - The most important factor is time. They are able to achieve their motives within the time frame set. Clearly they can state when their objectives will be completed (Joan, 2015). Conclusion The CSL Group and Macquarie group have a varied number of similarities and differences that have been analyzed. The vision of both the companies are extremely strong and the values are similar to each other though they differ to some extent considering the presence of visible difference in the service provision of both the companies. Furthermore, considering the corporate social responsibility of both the companies, they are very similar to each other. They ensure giving importance to the safety of the employees, provision to safe environment and assurance to take care of the environment while the delivery of services. The involvement of the stakeholders is also high in both the companies. Considering the SMART Objectives of both the companies, we can easily relate that the two companies are working towards the delivery of the best quality services and ensuring that they meet their SMART objectives in the best possible manner. The offer realistic goals and ensure that they are met in the timeline that they provide to their customers; thus, deliveries the commitments that they make. References Ghemawat, P. (2011). National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business Eccles, J. (2011). The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Performance Anonymous, (2016). Discover the Macquarie Difference. Perreault, P. (2013). Our Code Of Responsible Business Practice Joan, (2015). Community Service Learning: How to write measurable objectives.

Ehics V/S Ads Essay Example

Ehics V/S Ads Essay The focus on: Defining stereotypes; look at common racial stereotypes in advertisements (print or television advertisements); examine how racial stereotypes influence the perception of those watching these advertisements; and, the justification advertisers give to support the continued use of stereotypes. The essay will conclude that certain types of advertisements do perpetuate racialstereotypes. What are stereotypes?According to Vincent Parillo a stereotype is â€Å"an oversimplified generalization by which we attribute certain traits or characteristics to an entire group without regard to individual differences. Sometimes stereotypes can be positive – for example that African Americans are good athletes and Asian Americans are good mathematicians†¦however, stereotypes distort reality†¦and deny individuals the right to be judged and treated on the basis of their own personal merit† Racial stereotypes is a general representation of a given race/ethnic group, which comprises of exaggerated mental pictures that persist in a given racial group (Dominique p. 8). Different communities have different and unique characteristics, which gives a sense of ownership and identity towards their culture. Some of these stereotypes may be expressed as a sense of humor, which may be irritating to another race. Stereotypes have greatly affected different cultures in the aspect of attitude towards some races, marriages, political setup, and workplaces. Despite all the efforts aimed at reducing stereotypes, they are still very influential and racially dividing our society due to effect of culture and media. Glocal Image of racial stereotypes in Advertisement Media:Racial stereotypes in media tend to segregate different ethnicities by special characteristics, which define them (Powell p. 89). Africans, Americans, Asians, Indians, and many other racial units are taken with a lot of misconception by the society which the media expounds greatly thus producing g reat effects of stereotypes. News, movies, newspapers, and magazines focus so much on the peculiar behaviors of different ethnicities to impress the audience. Accent, skin color, and cultural behaviors are the main aspects that define the origin and background of a given character.With the emphasis that the media exhibit on the same, it hinders the audience from detailed knowledge of that given ethnic group. This encourages them to overlook meaningful attributes to their characters and every individual in that race. the notion was that blacks were unproductive unless whipped or being under the supervision. In combination with other stereotypes, it has resulted in the blacks being unjust and cruel in the American institutions. This stereotype persisted after the slave trade and spread through literature and ancient movies.Nevertheless, the notion of a lazy man with a soul, which came along in 1940s, later curbed it. The political culture in America was slowly and painfully transforme d by ushering of new civil rights. Racial stereotypes have also contributed to a great change in the economic culture of the civilized and uncivilized races. The civil rights movement’s simultaneous occurrence and the fight against poverty geared the poverty reduction for African-Americans and their fight for equality (Powell p. 90). Nevertheless, discussions of policy work in the press and poverty arenas sometimes lead to false conclusions that poverty is a racial problem.The modern use of language such as black or Hispanic has also raised stereotypes and employed code words that let the audience recognize the group referred to without saying so. Literature Review: As a society, people play into the looks, culture, and beliefs of a person and within minutes people make an assumption of who they are. Society takes one look at a person and based on their race, instantly draw a conclusion upon them without even asking them their name. Stereotyping has been around for centuries; the most commonly used stereotypes involve race.People use racial stereotyping based on what society deems that race to be, without first getting to know that person in order to draw individual valid conclusions about them. When people are using racial stereotypes, they often think that they are better than the other person based on the color of their skin. In the article â€Å"Stereotypes† by Saul McLeod, he uses research on stereotypes by Katz and Braly which states, â€Å"Not surprisingly, racial stereotypes always seem to favor the race of the holder and belittle other races† (McLeod,Katz,Braly). A person who is set on pre-judging someone is hat they are better than someone of another race. Some feel as though no one of another racial background can equal to them or is not even worthy to sit and eat with them, all because they do not have the same skin color. People cannot choose what race they want to be. As people belittle each others races, those that they beli ttle may be left thinking, together they are really better because they are black, white, Latino, or Indian. The media also plays a significant role in racial stereotyping. It is known to influence the minds of many from children to adults.Advertising perpetuates the stereotypes of racial minorities because it depicts preconceived attributes that the white majority consider the norm. Advertisers do this for several reasons: one is that the customer base may be made up of mostly whites; another is that companies would like to avoid the complication of depicting a non-stereotyped character. The low percentage of minorities in advertising may be attributed to the reluctance of a company to use a minority member because of concern about presenting a false representation; it is difficult portraying completely non-stereotyped groups because they need some quick images to draw from.The real problem comes when a stereotype is used that is degrading. Wilson and Gutierrez state in their essay , ? Advertising and People of Color? that ? These and other portrayals catered to the mass audience mentality by either neutralizing or making humor of the negative perceptions that many Whites may have had of racial minorities. At the end many stereotypes have resulted into policy mainly without controversial remarks. This has led to racial stereotyping and race baiting in political discourse and allowing racial baggage to be tied to antipoverty programs.This may yield a positive or a negative effect on the political /economic culture of a given ethnic community. Racial stereotypes have a great negative impact on our society due to their inadequacy and bias. They hinder rational thinking and form a resistance to social diversity. They not only hinder the appreciation of cultural diversity in races but also stimulate racial and cultural conflicts, which is a great cause of racial discrimination SEXUAL STEREOTYPES IN ADVERTISEMENTS INTRODUCTION The average person in India is exposed to over 2,000 advertisements per day.These permeate our society through such media as television, magazines, billboards, and internet banners. The fact that advertisements are so pervasive suggests that they have a significant impact on society. The advertisements most often featuring sexual appeals are for image-based products. Actual images in ads can often convey emotions powerfully, which may explain the frequent use in marketing image-based products. These products include: candy, liquor, cigarettes, jewelry, fragrance, cosmetics and fashion goods.It is advertisements are not limited to these products but used to sell completely unrelated products. The use of such appeals is constantly scrutinized in terms of ethics, regardless of the target audience. Considerable research has been done on ethics in marketing, partly because marketing is the business function most often charged with unethical practices. Ethical judgments are subjective and complex, and deal with cultural norms. Yet, there is another dimension of ethical questions when sexual appeals are used to promote products to teens.Previous researchers have analyzed the images of women in magazine advertisements, and concluded that women are portrayed as sex objects It is important to study the portrayal of womens sexuality because it has been suggested that sexuality is the root cause of gender inequality. , for example, explained that sexuality (is) the dynamic of the inequality of the sexes However, researchers have generally examined advertisements in mainstream womens magazines or mainstream gender-neutral magazines, where the majority of the readers are White.Black women have been excluded from most analyses because, as prior research has shown, they are under-represented in the mainstream media that has already been discussed above the repot. Images of Women in Mainstream Media Goffman was one of the first sociologists to analyze gender stereotypes in advertisements. He argued that advertiseme nts help to construct the ideals of masculinity and femininity. It is found that women were often portrayed in very stereotypical ways, such as in submissive roles or family roles, and in lower physical and social positions than men.Although the actual position of many women in society may have improved considerably since the analysis, previous studies have shown that the images of women in advertisements have not changed appreciably. Women are still shown primarily in submissive positions and as sex objects. Sexual women are often used in advertisements for men to imply a sexual relationship between the man who uses the product and the woman in the advertisement. Sexual women are also used in advertisements for women to imply that the product will increase the users appeal to men (Courtney ;amp; Whipple, 1983).Advertisements continuously promote the message that a womans ultimate goal is to attract men. However, it is important to note that advertisements depict for us not necessar ily how we actually behave as men and women but how we think men and women behave (Gornick, 1979, p. 7). MAIN DISCUSSION POINTS FROM LITERATURE REVIEW + CASE of (Mrs. Rajshwari Panigrahi) WITH PERSONAL OPINION!! MacKinnon (1989) argued that sexuality is the underlying cause of gender inequality. She noted, sexuality is substantially what makes the gender division be what it is, which is male dominant (p. 130).Thus, the continuous showing in the media of women as submissive sex objects reinforces the gender hierarchy. It has been suggested that media that target women are more likely to portray women in a way that reflects reality, and thus should be more responsive to the changing situation of women in society than media that target men and women, or only men (Strinati, 1995). However, researchers have shown that women are still often shown as sex objects in media designed specifically for women, which implies that advertisers believe that women accept an objectified and passive vie w of themselves (Courtney amp; Whipple, 1983).Most people think that advertising in general has no influence of them. â€Å"People do not typically admit that they are influenced by advertising† (Cohan, 2001). Clearly this cannot be the case. Advertising supports more than 60 percent of magazine and newspaper production and almost all of the electronic media. Companies spend over $200 billion a year on advertising (Kibourne, 1999). The use of sex appeals is an increasingly popular technique to sell products, namely those that are image-based, such as candy, liquor, cigarettes, jewelry, fragrance, cosmetics and fashion goods.It has a substantial moral impact. I believe, Culture ideas, symbols, norms and values play a significant role in the creation of women images and the differentiation of gender roles. The purpose of the present article is to understand the images of femininity in Indian society from ancient to modern times. India, a heterogeneous society, presents conflict ing women images. The normative model image of Indian womanhood has displayed remarkable consistency. Images of women have not remained static and have undergone numerous changes.Various cultural images of women:- Pativrata- unconditional devotion to husband, Glorified Motherhood, Bharat Mata Image. First at the societal plane, the perception of different categories of women is distinctly shaped/conditioned by the popularly accepted female images/stereotypes. We can see, Advertising has been a prime target of attack and scrutiny. The basic explanation for the critical focus on sex role portrayal in advertising lies in the close relationship, which exists between advertising, the consumer goods industry and the crucial economic role of women as consumers.Generally it is shown in advertisement a woman’s goal in life is to attract and attain a man:-women are shown in advertising as always young and attractive. They are frequently depicted as sexual objects. This is just not acce ptable in ethics term. I have a question â€Å"Are all not that stupid to buy any crap item just because a hot model with skimpy clothes is hold in it†. Aren’t education and awareness plays their role in the society? Is it that blind that it is accepting the picture and enjoying the girl rolling on the dance floor with mini apparels.Indian is known about their culture, values, norms and ethis and respect to their religion, isn’t it our ethics and values to stop this business tycoon to use the women as an object to sell their product? If we see business point of view: the belief prevelles that sex sells to a certain extent. Sex appeal can increase the effectiveness of an ad or commercial because it attracts the customer’s attention. It’s human nature to be curious about sex. It may help the product if it is related with the product being advertised. For example. it may work with condoms, deodrants, etc. ut trying to force the sexual content in every ad amp; for every product is foolish. Showing skin to get attention and then trying to sell completely unrelated products will put the company on back fire. Companies have to understand the point An Ad Can Only Induce D Use, Ultimately Its The Product That Decides Its Future If we talk about Indian advertising context, if we evaluate different roots taken by Ads, be it humour, emotional, sexual, functional, we can easily deduce humour or emotional platform has created more success stories than anything else.We have seen the advertisement of a semi clad actress advertising a mango drink â€Å"Aam Sutra†. It does not take much time to relate it to â€Å"Kama Sutra†. Of course, the advertisers want you to relate to it so that your levels of testosterone go up and you somehow become crazy for the mango drink. What is the relation between ‘playing safe’ in context of a couple and the mineral water? There are enough examples of this kind which prove that the c orporate houses have not been sensitive enough to observe the highest level of ethics while making profits. (You tube followers tube, y. (n. d. ). slice mango commercial of 2010.On the other side, Tata steel advertisements ad campaign in 1990’s â€Å"we make people we also make steel† is one of those ads which depicts a steel company that embraced its local community, Subsequent ad of Tata Steel â€Å"Value is stronger than steel â€Å"further establishes the moral values and organisational culture of the steel maker. The Corporate ad of the company showing a campaign of its Hotel group uses the punch line â€Å"Expressing India to the world† shows the corporate loyalty towards the country, Tata Tea Jago Rey ad campaign also is on the similar lines portraying the ethics and morals for the society.Cadbury’s, RIN, NIRMA, Vodafone, Airtel, Maggi, Milkmade, SURF, Chloromint, Fevicol,Saffola oil are few brands which immediately come to my mind. They are the business leaders In the respective industry and has the larger customer follower. Where there is Dhara commercial oil ad, in which it has shown love of a child and grandparent and the innocence of child to have â€Å"Jalebi† that makes him to get back to his home. It has rather more likes on you tube! tube, y. (n. d. ). Dhara Commercial-jalebi. For TCS the corporate ad has lines.The messages in the ads of company clearly show the organisational culture as whole and its devotion towards the society and the country. Thus, it can be concluded that ethics is a part of the organisational culture and no matter how competitive the world is a corporate adhering to ethical standards can always sustain in the long run. Advertising is a multi crore industry in India and is poised to grow at close to 9% during 2011. What we need along this growth is a regulatory body that sees that the information conveyed through the advertisement actually speaks about the product or service to an exten t of 90%.The National Commission for Women is also pressing the Government of India to bring advertisements and such media practices under the ambit of a law by proposing amendments to the Prohibition of Indecent Representation of Women and Children Act 1956. But the all powerful corporate houses use their lobbying techniques to dilute such amendments to the extent possible. Let us hope that good sense prevails over these corporate houses because a stronger economy cannot be built without strong ethics in business. Referances: Cohan, John Alan. â€Å"Towards a new paradigm in the Ethics of Women’s Advertising. Journal of Business Ethics; 33 (10) 2001. Business information ;gt; Business articles ;gt; Journals Sex Roles: A Journal of Research ,Images of womens sexuality in advertisements: a content analysis of Black- and White-oriented womens and mens magazines. Article from: Sex Roles: A Journal of Research | January 1, 2005 | Women And Negative Stereotypes: An End Before A S tart By Divya Bhargava 06 July, 2009 Countercurrents. org Topic : Sex sells: The erotic content of media and marketing, Created by : James Masih, Product/Brand Manager, FedExADVERTISEMENT TARGETING TO CHILDREN INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the food and beverage industry has viewed children and adolescents as a major market force. As a result, children and adolescents are now the target of intense and specialized food marketing and advertising efforts. Food marketers are interested in youth as consumers because of their spending power, their purchasing influence, and as future adult consumers. Multiple techniques and channels are used to reach youth, beginning when they are toddlers, to foster brand-building and influence food product purchase behaviour.These food marketing channels include television advertising, in-school marketing, product placements, kids clubs, the Internet, toys and products with brand logos, and youth-targeted promotions, such as cross-selling and tie-ins. Fo ods marketed to children are predominantly high in sugar and fat, and as such are inconsistent with national dietary recommendations. Nutrition during childhood and adolescence is essential for growth and development, health and well-being. Further, eating behaviours established during childhood track into adulthood and contribute to long-term health and chronic disease risk.Numerous studies have consistently documented that dietary intake patterns of children and adolescents are poor and do not meet national dietary goals. In addition, food consumption trend data show a shift over the past few decades. Children and adolescents are eating more food away from home, drinking more soft drinks, and snacking more frequently. Children now obtain over 50% of their calories from fat or added sugar (32% and 20%, respectively). The growing epidemic of childhood overweight and obesity is a major public health concern.Advertising to children can take place on traditional media –  telev ision,  radio  and  print  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ as well as  new media  (internet  and other  electronic media). Packaging, in-store advertising, event sponsorship, and  promotions  can also be used. For example: McDonalds tries to attract children by giving toys , maggi focuses on children above 5 years ,hippo- a parle snack product tries to get attention of children by offering small attractive toys claiming its content to be good for health. LEGISLATION: Advertising shall not cause moral or physical detriment to minors, and shall therefore comply with the following criteria for their protection: a. t shall not directly exhort minors to buy a product or a service by exploiting their inexperience or  credulity; b. it shall not directly encourage minors to persuade their parents or others to purchase the goods or services being advertised; c. it shall not exploit the special trust minors place in parents, teachers or other persons; d. it shall not unreasonably show minors i n dangerous situations In addition: e. Children’s programs may only be interrupted if the scheduled duration is longer than 30 minutes f. Product placement is not allowed in children’s programs. . The Member States and the Commission should encourage audiovisual media service providers to develop codes of conduct regarding the advertising of certain foods in children’s programs. LITERATURE REVIEW: Research Papers :BY REBECCA A. CLAY Ever since he first started practicing, Berkeley, Calif. , psychologist Allen D. Kanner, PhD, has been asking his younger clients what they wanted to do when they grew up. The answer used to be nurse, astronaut or some other occupation with intrinsic appeal. Today the answer is more likely to be make money. For Kanner, one explanation for that shift can be found in advertising. Advertising is a massive, multi-million dollar project thats having an enormous impact on child development, says Kanner, who is also an associate faculty mem ber at a clinical psychology training program called the Wright Institute. The sheer volume of advertising is growing rapidly and invading new areas of childhood, like our schools. The Psychology of Marketing to Kids (Free Press, 1997) draws on child development research to show product developers and marketers how to reach children more effectivelyDaniel S. Acuff, PhD, draws on the child development courses he took during his graduate schooling in education to advise such clients as Disney, Hasbro and Kraft. His book What Kids Buy and Why: [ 1 ]. http://www. exclusivepapers. com/essays/Informative/how-racial-stereotypes-affect-our-culture. php [ 2 ]. Topic : Sex sells: The erotic content of media and marketing, Created by : James Masih, Product/Brand Manager, FedEx [ 3 ]. Youtube. com

Free Essays on The Media And Campaigns

The Media and Campaigns In the United States of America, there exist few things more capricious than election campaigns. Although the age to register to vote is 18, that certainly does not prohibit Americans of any age with a television in their home from exposure to the world of politics. As a child it could be the commercial intervals between your after school cartoons, advocating positively or negatively in behalf of a candidate. As an adult this same political exposure comes not only through the nightly news on television, but other facets such as talk radio, magazines, or newspapers. The questions that come to mind are: How do we as registered voters, determine who is telling the truth, and which approach to this political advertising is the most politically correct? In chapter three of Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections, there are three separate articles that adumbrate the dynamic that exists between the media and political campaigns. After reading these three articles and additional r esources I have gathered on the subject, it is fair to say that the general consensus in America is a distrust in politicians. With a veil of distrust towards politicians lingering over society, what avenues are available to the general public in obtaining accurate unbiased information on the candidates running for office? It is fair to say that the majority of America lacks the personal funding and availability to accompany candidates firsthand on the campaign trail. As a result we are left to watch or read in the comfort of our own homes, the interpretations of each candidate and their campaign from the journalists that follow them. The opinion I have derived from my research, is that the media in general leaves us with a skewed and inevitably biased outline of who is running for office, resulting mainly from the partisan views of the organization covering the candidate. At what point did the focus of political campaigning ... Free Essays on The Media And Campaigns Free Essays on The Media And Campaigns The Media and Campaigns In the United States of America, there exist few things more capricious than election campaigns. Although the age to register to vote is 18, that certainly does not prohibit Americans of any age with a television in their home from exposure to the world of politics. As a child it could be the commercial intervals between your after school cartoons, advocating positively or negatively in behalf of a candidate. As an adult this same political exposure comes not only through the nightly news on television, but other facets such as talk radio, magazines, or newspapers. The questions that come to mind are: How do we as registered voters, determine who is telling the truth, and which approach to this political advertising is the most politically correct? In chapter three of Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections, there are three separate articles that adumbrate the dynamic that exists between the media and political campaigns. After reading these three articles and additional r esources I have gathered on the subject, it is fair to say that the general consensus in America is a distrust in politicians. With a veil of distrust towards politicians lingering over society, what avenues are available to the general public in obtaining accurate unbiased information on the candidates running for office? It is fair to say that the majority of America lacks the personal funding and availability to accompany candidates firsthand on the campaign trail. As a result we are left to watch or read in the comfort of our own homes, the interpretations of each candidate and their campaign from the journalists that follow them. The opinion I have derived from my research, is that the media in general leaves us with a skewed and inevitably biased outline of who is running for office, resulting mainly from the partisan views of the organization covering the candidate. At what point did the focus of political campaigning ...

7 British English Writing Resources

7 British English Writing Resources 7 British English Writing Resources 7 British English Writing Resources By Mark Nichol This site is intended primarily for writers of American English, though much of the information is also applicable to people who write English in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world. However, I recently received a request for recommendations about writing and editing guides that focus on British English. Here are seven authoritative volumes, all originating at either of England’s two most renowned universities, to help them. 1. Butcher’s Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors, and Proofreaders As the title and subtitle indicate, this volume is directed more toward the editorial process than the writing stage, with guidance about production issues, including dealing with technology. 2. Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide Oxford University, which owns the rest of this list, has an equivalent book, Oxford Modern English Grammar. Both texts emphasize descriptive, not prescriptive, grammar and include some discussions of American English 3. New Hart’s Rules: The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors The British English equivalent of The Chicago Manual of Style is the preeminent resource for resolving style issues such as hyphenation and punctuation, formatting for bibliographies, indexes, and notes, and usage (both British English and American English). 4. New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors: The Essential A–Z Guide to the Written Word This usage handbook has extended entries for many words, including proper nouns, and provides guidance about spelling, capitalization, and hyphenation and information about cultural or historical significance. 5. New Oxford Spelling Dictionary: The Writers’ and Editors’ Guide to Spelling and Word Division This companion to the volume mentioned in the previous item is a simple spelling and word-break guide. 6. New Oxford Style Manual This volume is a compilation of New Hart’s Rules and the New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors 7. Oxford A-Z of Grammar and Punctuation This alphabetically organized guide discusses parts of speech and particular words, including questions of usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Arrgumeant shows that text book (printed book) is better than Essay

Arrgumeant shows that text book (printed book) is better than E-books(elctronic books) - Essay Example Despite the effectiveness of technology in producing e-books, there is still the need to have textbooks available and to offer even more solutions for those that are looking at enjoying and getting the most out of a reading experience. The beginning of e-books began to emerge as a movement outside of regular books and textbooks to create easier portals for learning. The technology which was developed was based on achieving a variety of goals for students and those who enjoyed reading. The first was to create an easy to use platform in which materials and books were available through an Internet portal or computer. This would help with easier access for the information that individuals were interested in reading. This followed with the use of technology to stop the high amounts of cost and paper used with books and the problems which this presented. The e-books also held the goal of having easier access to large amounts of information without the restrictions of space that stores and libraries often had with printed materials. With this, more materials were readily available for a larger audience. The combination of e-books with regular books quickly became a popular solution to answer some of the disadvantages of print and to combine technology with the new scopes needed for reading of materials. Despite these advantages, the integration was not able to create the necessary scope in technology for the e-books used (Soules, 7). The first downfall of e-books comes with the response which occurs from those who are reading or using books in different settings. According to a recent study (Gregory, 266), students have a negative reaction to e-books that are available. The problems with the books ranged from difficulty in reading the materials to straining the eyes to try to read the information through an online area or computer. While most use e-books if there isn’t an option, most find that it is easier and more applicable to use traditional reading materia ls for the right experience. The ease of use not only included easier options to read but also allowed students to easily find their place in a book, highlight materials and to apply a sense of interaction with the reading materials while using the physical book as opposed to the e-books which were available (Gregory, 266). The attitudes and behaviors that are a part of the e-books are furthered with a variety of opinions that occur from students and others which are using the e-books as opposed to regular books. The e-books in most locations not only have basic flaws with the ability to read and apply the materials. Most have negative attitudes and behaviors to the books because of other dislikes with the technology. In another recent study (Shelburne, 59), it was found that students as well as certain groups of individuals had a negative attitude to e-books. This was because the services were not able to provide accurate print and readings of the books and didn’t offer need ed options for ease of reading. Many of the e-books came from scanned in pages or were inaccessible to read while online. The failure of technology to print the right level of materials then created attitudes and behaviors that were not in favor of e-books because of the lack of efficient technological use that continues to be used with the e-books which are available (Shelburne, 59). The question which then has arisen with e-books is based on the usability that comes with the technology that has been incorporated into the e-books. Not only are the

Child Protection Level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Child Protection Level - Essay Example Majority of the present health care professionals in Britain have level one and two training, but they lack level three training. The absence of level three training prevent the healthcare professionals from either identifying the child abuse or reporting it to the appropriate bodies and put procedures into place to stop it. Â  Lack of training and training facilities and the negligence seem to be the major reason for the mishaps in British healthcare system. Even though most of the healthcare professionals have level 1 & 2 training, at least some of the healthcare professionals have not completed the much-needed level 3 training for giving proper care to the children. Â  In the baby P case, the social workers failed to identify or report the child abuse even though they visited the family of baby P around 60 times. Moreover, they failed to identify the criminal history of the family also. In other words, these social workers have not given much emphasized to their profession; they did everything mechanically. Most of the healthcare professionals in Britain may not have the passion for this profession. They are engaged in working in the healthcare industry just for finding a livelihood rather than any social commitments. Â  The most important solution for improving the standards of child healthcare system in Britain is to make the level 3 training compulsory for all the healthcare professionals and the social workers. Most of the hospital groups in Britain at present urge only the specialized staff to go for the level three training. Plymouth Hospitals have already admitted that most of their staffs are trained in level one and two whereas only a few got the level three training.

Animal Symmetry Essay Example for Free

Animal Symmetry Essay 1. Animals with radial symmetry function differently than animals with bilateral symmetry. Unlike animals with bilateral symmetry, these organisms use their appendages, usually tentacles, to bring in food to its mouth, which is located at its center. Also, animals with radial symmetry have less complicated systems than animals with bilateral symmetry. The radial symmetry body plan involves appendages radiating out from the center of the organism, this means that most systems are not included in these animals. Since the radial symmetry body plan has little to no systems, this makes the animals less intelligent than the bilateral symmetry body plan. This means animals with radial symmetry cannot react as well as other animals. This also means the organism cannot, see, taste, smell, or think as well, as bilateral symmetry animals. Due to this disability, any animal that follows this body plan has adapted to be able to react without these senses. Though this makes it harder for the animal to function, by using a different life style it can survive. The cnidarian eats by pulling food in with its tentacles. This lack of senses means that the cnidarian relies on prey swimming into its tentacles. After eating, the waste then exists the way it entered, through the mouth. These animals have limited motion, relying mainly on currents to move, or not even moving at all. Cnidarians also reproduce fairly simply. When they reproduce asexually, they bud. This means that a new cnidarian grows off of an existing one. When they reproduce sexually, the female makes an abundance of eggs, and the male secretes sperm in the hope of fertilizing the eggs. That is the lifestyle of the cnidarian.

Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essa

Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† The phrase â€Å"the power of the press† is used often, but what exactly is the power of the press? Since the beginning of news reporting, it’s been known that what actually gets into the news reports is monitored and carefully picked by higher authorities. What isn’t widely known, however, is that the media can use specific wording and phrases that, on the surface, look like normal news coverage, but are actually a technique of the media to control the images people see and the words they hear and read. From this, people then form their ideals, but are these actually ideals of those people if the media from which they based them off of was controlled to begin with? It is the power of the press to control and manipulate the public’s ideals by what is released in the media. In childhood, it’s evident from the start that the parents are the ones who hold the power. As the child grows and develops, the parents show him that they are in control by correcting the things he does wrong and by making it clear that they know more than he does about life. Until the child is old enough to create his own ideals of what is right and what is wrong, the parents shape his ideals for him. As the child grows older, however, the parents relinquish this hold on him and allow him to form his own ideals of the world around him. But as he ventures out in the world, is he actually forming his own ideals, or is he still being shaped by an even larger, more powerful source? In George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant, Orwell suggests just that; one can form his own ideals, but they will either be changed by the media (symbolized in his essay by the Burmese natives) or constructed from... ...d and has left them with only the ideals which the press wanted them to have in the first place. The power of the press is not to share the truth about everything; it is the power to control what everyone thinks about everything. Works Cited Crocker, Brandon. â€Å"What Really Matters.† The American Spectator. 11 May 2004. Farah, May. Rev. of About Baghdad, pro. Sinan Antoon. The Daily Star. 30 June 2004. Franklin, H. Bruce. â€Å"From Realism to Virtual Reality: Images of America’s Wars.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 384-400. Murphy, Maureen Clare. Rev. of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land, dir. Bathsheba Ratzkoff & Sut Jhally. The Electronic Intifada 26 March 2004. Orwell, George. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 334-339. Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant Essa Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† The phrase â€Å"the power of the press† is used often, but what exactly is the power of the press? Since the beginning of news reporting, it’s been known that what actually gets into the news reports is monitored and carefully picked by higher authorities. What isn’t widely known, however, is that the media can use specific wording and phrases that, on the surface, look like normal news coverage, but are actually a technique of the media to control the images people see and the words they hear and read. From this, people then form their ideals, but are these actually ideals of those people if the media from which they based them off of was controlled to begin with? It is the power of the press to control and manipulate the public’s ideals by what is released in the media. In childhood, it’s evident from the start that the parents are the ones who hold the power. As the child grows and develops, the parents show him that they are in control by correcting the things he does wrong and by making it clear that they know more than he does about life. Until the child is old enough to create his own ideals of what is right and what is wrong, the parents shape his ideals for him. As the child grows older, however, the parents relinquish this hold on him and allow him to form his own ideals of the world around him. But as he ventures out in the world, is he actually forming his own ideals, or is he still being shaped by an even larger, more powerful source? In George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant, Orwell suggests just that; one can form his own ideals, but they will either be changed by the media (symbolized in his essay by the Burmese natives) or constructed from... ...d and has left them with only the ideals which the press wanted them to have in the first place. The power of the press is not to share the truth about everything; it is the power to control what everyone thinks about everything. Works Cited Crocker, Brandon. â€Å"What Really Matters.† The American Spectator. 11 May 2004. Farah, May. Rev. of About Baghdad, pro. Sinan Antoon. The Daily Star. 30 June 2004. Franklin, H. Bruce. â€Å"From Realism to Virtual Reality: Images of America’s Wars.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 384-400. Murphy, Maureen Clare. Rev. of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land, dir. Bathsheba Ratzkoff & Sut Jhally. The Electronic Intifada 26 March 2004. Orwell, George. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 334-339.

Compare Christopher Marlowe with Greg Smenda Essay

The passion for romance is something for human beings for thousands and thousands of years has never been changed, they always willing to give the best they have to their love, in order to move their hearts immediately. Both of the poem of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† and â€Å"The Passionate Astronaut to His Love† are showing the addressers’ patronal romance like others did. However, with the change of time setting, to scene can be so different. One is more classic and humanity and the other one is more modern and technical. CLASSIC AND HUMANITY In†The Passionate Shepherd to His Love†, the first line of the first stanza, the shepherd makes gently and directly calls to his love. The Shepherd invites his love to come with him and â€Å"pleasures prove† (line 2.) This immediate reference to pleasure gives a mildly romantic tone to this poem. He implies that the entire landscape of the countryside of England â€Å"Valleys, groves, hills and fields/Woods or steeply mountains† will prove to contain pleasure of all kinds for the lovers. He use the beauty of nature to offer his love. It’s a very common theme in pastoral poetry. The next stanza suggests that the lovers will take their entertainment not in a theatre or at a banquet, but sitting upon rocks or by rivers. The third, fourth, and fifth stanzas are a kind of list of the â€Å"delights†, mostly sartorial, that the Shepherd will make for his love. The list of the things he will make for his lady reveal a great deal about the situation of the â€Å"Shepherd† and what he can offer his love. But in reality this increasingly fanciful list of gifts such as the gold buckles, the coral clasps, and the amber studs could only come from a member of the gentry, or a merchant in a town. The fantasy of bucolic paradise is entirely idealized. Incidentally, the plants mentioned (roses, flowers, and myrtle) are conventional horticultural expressions of romance. The rose, especially, was sacred to the goddess Venus (and it is how roses have come to symbolize  romantic love in some modern Western cultures.) The image of the Shepherd as a member of the gentry becomes complete when, in the last stanza, it is said â€Å"The shepherd swains shall dance and sing/ for thy delight each May-morning.† The picture here is of other shepherds doing the speaker’s bidding. The poem ends with an â€Å"if† statement, and contains a slightly somber note. There is no guarantee that the lady will find these country enticements enough to follow the Shepherd, and since the construction of them is preposterous and fantastical to begin with, the reader is left with the very real possibility that the Shepherd will be disappointed. LINK PARAGRAPH Passionate Shepherd to His Love was appealing to a popular genre in Elizabethan England countryside. On reading on Greg Smenda’s parody of the poem, it’s obvious that he is appealing to a more modern reader. The timeline was in 1960s when space invention was popular. The intention of the two poems is very different. It mining the movement of desire. MODERN AND TECHNICAL. By looking at the title, reader can pick up easily it’s a parody. They both have the same structure of total six stanzas and four lines each. They also use similar words and phrases such as the first stanza starts with ‘Come live with me and be my mate’ similar words but Smenda used mate which sound less romantic than love. Both of them makes directly calls to their love. He invites his mate to come with him, but instead of ‘pleasures prove’ it’s ‘pleasure spate’ which gives a sense of horror instead of romance. He implies that the entire landscape of the moon which doesn’t sound particularly romantic, but he offer what he think is the best. Space is very popular topic at that time. The next stanza also suggest that the lovers will take their entertainment, but is sitting on lunar crust, beside some crater holes with engines humming which sounds awful. The third, fourth, and fifth stanzas are also kind of list of the ‘delights’ that the Astronaut will make for his lady love, but they doesn’t make a great deal about the situation of the ‘Astronaut’ and what he can offer to his love. A bed of plastic is easy to reach and doesn’t sound comfortable to sleep on. For an astronaut, a space suit is also easily available. In reality the gift he offered sounds good but they are not comparable than any sorts of treasures. The plastic, especially, was not aesthetically pleasing and doesn’t have the connection with romance at all. The image of the Astronaut becomes complete when, in the last stanza, it is said ‘The astronaut colony shall for you sing’ the picture here is also of other astronaut doing the speaker’s bidding. The poem is also end with an ‘if’ statement, but add a very strong phrases with an exclamation mark at the very end, so the reader is left with a very positive feeling that the Astronaut will be accepted. CONCLUSION Even though these two poem are based on the same structure and same sense of emergent for inviting their love one, they have completely different feeling. Marlowe’s poem can be described as classic and humanity, but Smenda’s poem can be described as modern and technical. So it’s clear that The Passionate Shepherd to His Love is more romantic than The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.

Morality and Law

We begin this essay with a word about freedom- it is cherished by those who possess it and yearned for by those who have yet to experience it.   Nonetheless, freedom carries with it a high level of responsibility- perhaps not only to follow the letter of the law, but also to pursue one’s freedom with some level of civility or morality.   Therein lies the paradox- where should the line, if any, be drawn between morality and law.   In this essay, several controversial topics which toe the line between legality and morality will be presented and discussed in the hopes of drawing some valid conclusions about this issue.DrugsIf it is safe to say that legally prescribed and utilized drugs are accepted by all but the most staunch of religious zealots, it is also safe to say that illegally prescribed drugs, street drugs and the abuse of any drug is considered immoral, but not by all.   In some parts of the world, certain drugs that would land someone in jail in other nations a re legally and socially accepted.  Ã‚   This fact in itself brings to light an interesting perspective on the issue of morality and law- how closely related is law and morality?In the case of drugs, the relationship seems to be somewhat disjointed in some instances, because illegal drugs are quite literally one of the largest industries in the â€Å"civilized world†.   This can be interpreted as proof that everything that is illegal is not necessarily viewed as immoral as well as a clear example of the dynamic between the expression of freedom and the violation of the rights of others, for any freedom, if it harms innocent people through its exercise, needs to be reevaluated for the common good (Peach, 2002).AlcoholWhen speaking of alcohol, the very topic is in itself enigmatic; for all intents and purposes, alcohol can be classified as a drug because of its ability to alter the senses, distort perceptions, and attract the abuser into a spiral of addiction.   However, i t is considered by the vast majority of the world to be a legal drug, which is to say that it is legal for those of established age to buy, sell, and use alcohol.When left to one’s own devices, the use, purchase or sale of alcohol can be illegal; for example, the operation of motor vehicles while under the influence of alcohol is illegal, as is the sale/purchase of it to/by underage or visibly impaired individuals. Additionally, any use of alcohol is considered morally wrong by many religious/ethical groups.   Therefore, in alcohol, we see the embodiment of the morality/legality argument- some things are legal in some cases, illegal in others, but also reviled in many circles in any circumstance (Peach, 2002).ProstitutionRegarded as the world’s oldest profession, prostitution in one form or another has existed since there has been something of value for which one human being could offer sexual favors to another.   In the 21st century, we see a world where prostitut ion is legal in some nations/parts of nations, and illegal in others.   In the nations where it is legal, it would be assumed that this is so due to the moral tolerance of the masses to allow such a practice.   In a nation like the United States, where very few states allow prostitution, a moral divide exists between advocates and opponents.   Therefore, an interesting point emerges- the possibility that in many cases, societal norms dictate the letter of the law.   When the majority opposes or supports something, or takes no action either way, laws, it can be said, reflect the will of the majority itself (Peach, 2002). Pornography Pornography is yet another illustration of the will of the people to dictate the law, but with a twist- very few people publicly support pornography as something which is good for the general society, yet it is allowed to exist as something legal in many jurisdictions as long as certain universal rules are not violated, such as the use of children in pornography, abuse of innocent victims, etc.In this instance, it is likely that the tolerance of pornography as something legal, yet immoral has as much to do with the pursuit of money on the part of those who benefit financially from pornography as it does with the prurient interests of the public at large.   People who wish to have something immoral because they like it are often times more prone to ignore the bigger picture of the detriment to society that something like pornography represents. Domestic ViolenceViolence against one’s own family members is illegal/immoral in some societies, and not in others- why is this so?   The main reason is associated with religious beliefs.   In theocratic nations, where religious leaders dictate policy and law, there are those cases where the abuse of a wife by a husband, for example, is tolerated if the husband feels it necessary, whereas the abuse of children is almost universally reviled (Peach, 2002).   An interesting point emerges in this situation- the power of morality in some cases to shape the word of law.ConclusionIn this essay, we have seen that morality and law are in some cases exclusive of each other, related in others.   Still further, each of these in some situations can overpower the other due to societal norms, religion, etc.   Whatever the case, in conclusion, one point has become abundantly clear based upon this research- morality cannot always be legislated, nor will morality always make the best laws.   Perhaps the issue of freedom, which began the essay, is a fitting final word- without freedom, the human race suffers, but with it, suffering can also become rampant.   It is the responsibility of the people of the world to exercise freedom-with restraint.ReferencesPeach, L. (2002). Legislating Morality: Pluralism and Religious Identity in Lawmaking. NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Chemical Composition of Black Powder or Gunpowder

Chemical Composition of Black Powder or Gunpowder Black powder is the name given to the earliest known chemical explosive. It is used as a blasting powder and a propellant for firearms, rockets, and fireworks. The composition of black powder or gunpowder is not set. In fact, several different compositions have been used throughout history. Heres a look at some of the most notable or common compositions, plus the composition of modern black powder. Black Powder Basics Theres nothing complicated about the formulation of black powder. It consists of charcoal (carbon), saltpeter (potassium nitrate or sometimes sodium nitrate), and sulfur. Charcoal and sulfur act as the fuel for the explosion, while saltpeter acts as an oxidizer. Sulfur also lowers the ignition temperature, which increases the combustion rate. Charcoal is used instead of pure carbon because it contains incompletely decomposed cellulose. It has a much lower autoignition temperature. Black powder made using pure carbon will ignite, but it wont explode. In commercial black powder preparation, potassium nitrate or another nitrate (e.g., sodium nitrate) usually is coated with graphite (a form of carbon). This helps prevent electrostatic charge build-up, reducing the chance a stray spark will prematurely ignite the mixture. Sometimes black powder is tumbled with graphite dust after it is mixed to coat the grains. In addition to reducing static, the graphite reduces moisture absorption, which could prevent gunpowder from igniting. Notable Black Powder Compositions Typical modern gunpowder consists of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur in a 6:1:1 or 6:1.2:0.8 ratio. Historically significant formulations have been calculated on a percentage basis: Formula Saltpeter Charcoal Sulfur Bishop Watson, 1781 75.0 15.0 10.0 British Government, 1635 75.0 12.5 12.5 Bruxelles studies, 1560 75.0 15.62 9.38 Whitehorne, 1560 50.0 33.3 16.6 Arderne lab, 1350 66.6 22.2 11.1 Roger Bacon, c. 1252 37.50 31.25 31.25 Marcus Graecus, 8th century 69.22 23.07 7.69 Marcus Graecus, 8th century 66.66 22.22 11.11 Source: The Chemistry of Gun Powder and Explosives

Writing Graduate School Entrance Essays

Writing Graduate School Entrance Essays If you are thinking about applying for graduate school, chances are you once applied (and were admitted) to undergraduate school. That being the case, Im certain you had to compose a personal statement to accompany your undergraduate application. Remember that? Wasnt it fun? No? Well, then youre out of luck. Because you have to repeat the process all over again with graduate school entrance essays. Lets face it: no one likes to write an entrance essay and/or personal statement composition for college admission. In addition to being personally revealing and creatively stifling, the things are just plain difficult to compose. Unfortunately, college admissions boards use these essays to separate the average from the above average applicants. So you might as well make the most of it. Graduate school application essays are, in my opinion, much easier to write than those for undergraduate school because youve already gone through the process once already. Heck, you might even want to locate and dust off your undergraduate statement for inspiration. After all, its not really plagiarism if youre copying from yourself. When writing your graduate school entrance essays, it helps to go easy on yourself. Allow for plenty of time and prepare for some frustration. In the end, your graduate school essay, whether its a nursing essay, a residency statement, or an MBA essay, is going to determine your future. So no pressure.

U.K. Energy Sustainability Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

U.K. Energy Sustainability Public Policy - Essay Example The intention of this study is Public Policy as a set of rules, or guides promulgated by governments to ensure that the branches of government all deal with issues in a similar, consistent manner, according to the laws and constitution of the particular country. Inevitably, public policy is not simply decided by an elected government: it is influenced and changed by pressure, or lobby groups, by organisations within the society or community, and by the public at large and its perceptions. While public policy can be confined to domestic policy and thought, the increasingly globalising world means that it is not only internal pressure which is brought to bear on government and their policy formulation, but also international trends and necessities. Thus, although this essay will focus on the Energy Policy of the UK Government, some consideration must necessarily be given to the influence that international trends in energy policy have on the UK. The Department of Energy and Climate Cha nge formulates public policy in this area and relies on two pieces of legislation: the Energy White Paper of 2007, and the Low carbon Transition Plan of July 2009. Four key policy goals were tabled in the 2007 paper: †¢ The UK should be on a path to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 60%, and significant cuts should be evident by 2020; †¢ The UK should ensure reliable energy supplies; †¢ Competitive markets in the UK and internationally should be promoted, so that sustainable economic growth is possible, and productivity can improve;   and Every home in the UK should be adequately and affordably heated. Additional considerations are highlighted in the policy, among them the production, distribution and use of electricity, fuel used for transport, and heating. The longer-term intention is to contribute to the worldwide fight against climate change, and to ensure secure, clean and affordable energy for the UK itself. By 2008, the policy included emphasis on the energy ma rket, offshore gas and oil, and investment in nuclear power. Direct control of energy in the UK economy now does not lie with the government, after the liberalisation and nationalisation policies of the 1980s and 1990s, and while UK energy is recognised as being highly reliable in delivery to the population (Bowlby, 2011, website) there are a significant number of UK citizens in fuel poverty. Yet,

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

International Business Environment - Essay Example Once a British colony, Kuwait's independence was granted in 1961. Throughout, its economy's survival is almost entirely bolstered by its oil production and sales. With the income, the government can have considerable support for its revenues, and attract in foreign workers (Factsheet, 2007). When Iraq under Saddam Hussein absorbed Kuwait in the 1990s, Iraq was overthrown from the country by a US-led military coalition, an event known as the 1991 Gulf war. With that aid, Kuwait became a close ally of the US (Factsheet, 2007). As IMF and the World Bank encouraged most of the countries to do, Kuwait opened to foreign capital and vied for international investment starting from the 1990s. Mainly, Kuwait's strategy is to produce and sell as much oil as they can worldwide that it would become largely, the sole provider of the world's oil and US would certainly have it in its interests. (Pfeifer, 2002) Being the fourth largest producer now, this isn't a far-fetch goal. FDI had been advocated by many to be the boost developing economies need in order to progress sustainably. Globalization through FDI is a mainstream event since the 90s. But policymakers in Kuwait as in the other developing countries are not aware that when their economic fundamentals do not match what is needed for this increase in FDI, however many the incentives they offer to attract FDI , they would just go to waste. But, internationalization through exports is Kuwait's overriding strategy; it is a country looking toward development by globalizing through FDI. (Nunnenkamp, 2001) Kuwait's Foreign Direct Investment A costly financial initiative like the later-to-be-discussed FDI Law is implemented because Kuwait anticipates the potential benefits to outweigh these costs. But the view's shortcoming is that Kuwait, like the others, cannot be sure if FDI really could do much in gearing them towards development. After all, the impact of FDI relies on many

Exploring Another Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exploring Another Ethnicity - Essay Example I wondered if my friends would identify a mosque as a different place as I thought the church was at that particular time. Having been brought up in a deeply rooted Islamic culture, I had never associated myself with any other religion before but I knew about their existence. My prior knowledge concerning Christianity and the urge to prove what really happens in other religions however helped me to gain some confidence, which could not be sufficient to withstand uneasiness. I thought it unfair to have religious differences such as one religion dominating a particular region of the world. As an Arab amongst the congregation, I appeared odd and abandoned due to the hijab I was wearing unlike the warmly and familiar feeling I usually have when I attend mosques. In fact, at some point I could hide my face when I realized that someone within the congregation was staring at me. The similarity between the church and the mosque is that the attendees recognize their way of worshipping and rel igious status as the best compared to others. There is uniformity in the way Christians and Muslims carry out their prayers when they are in their prayer gatherings. Christians do have a pastor who conducts the prayers as it is in mosques where there are Imams guiding Muslims in worship. Additionally, there are two different holy books used by the two distinctively different religions by their respective followers in worshiping. Interestingly, the two different religions believe in God whom they respect and fear (Stefon, 2010). Quran and Bible share most of the stories especially in the Old Testament such as the stories of Moses and Abraham that really connects the two religions. I further realized that Christians also believe in continuous prayers at specific times such as in the evening and early mornings just like Muslims. Additionally, both religions do have almost similar believe concerning family issues such as women submitting to their husbands and prohibition of sex before m arriage. However, there are numerous beliefs that both religions do not agree on such as the existence of trinity according to Christians’ beliefs and the fact that Jesus is a son of God as claimed by Christians. Muslims believe that Jesus was a human prophet and not divine as claimed by Christians and that there is only one God who is the creature of the universe. Muslims further believe that God who is referred to, as Allah is the father to everyone and that there is nothing special or divine about Jesus that should make him worshiped directly or indirectly. Muslims also believe in original sin and that Jesus did not die on the cross to save humanity from sin but instead God made it to appear so. Christians strongly believe in salvation in the name of Jesus to cleanse their original sins that Muslims are strongly opposed to (Ra?isa?nen 2010). My perception towards Christianity is influenced by the Islamic belief that Jesus was not God’s begotten son hence should not be worshiped as Christians do since he was just a prophet and a great teacher. Additionally, Muslims consider that calling Jesus God or son of God is blasphemy and that there is no day God’s word has never existed. Muslims do not believe that Jesus died for our sins as claimed by Christians that all their (Christians) sins were forgiven after the death of Jesus on the cross. Muslims regard themselves as perfect and the true

Effectiveness Of Information Technology On Supply Chain Management

Effectiveness Of Information Technology On Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management is the concept known as the management of the materials and the information across all the partners within an industry including customers customers and suppliers suppliers. Supply Chain Management introduces the initiatives for competitive advantages to companies and it reinforces the use of technology for more accurate and faster communication among supply chain partners. The field of supply chain management has become tremendously important to companies in an increasingly competitive global marketplace. The term supply chain refers to the entire network of companies that work together to design, produce, deliver, and service products ( Hausman, 2001) Generally speaking, the supply chain is the sequence of enterprises from suppliers to end customers. The National Research Council refers to it is an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..association of customers and suppliers who, working together yet in their own best interest, buy, convert, distribute and sell goods and services among themselves resulting in the creation of a specific end product ( National Resource Council, 2000) According to the Mentzer Supply chain management is defined as the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. (Mentzer et al.,2001 in www.emeraldinsight.com) Companies cannot work for themselves and are hence automatically part of at least one supply chain. The key participants are the manufacturers and their respective suppliers that collaborate to create and support the end-product as well as the customers that purchase the latter. A typical supply chain comprises the following layers.( Werner, 2002) Primary producer Multiple tiers suppliers Ones own company Intermediary trade in the form of wholesale and retail End-users A supply chain is the process of moving goods from the customer order through the raw materials stage, supply, production, and distribution of products to the customer. All organisation have supply chains of varying degrees, depending upon the size of the organisation and the type of product manufactured. These networks obtain supplies and components, change these materials into finished products and then distribute them to the customer. Managing the chain of events in this process is what is known as supply chain management. ( Ligus, 1999) The bullwhip effect is a major cause of supply chains problems. It describes how small fluctuations in demand at the customer level are amplified as orders pass up the supply chain through distributors, manufacturer, and suppliers. As an example consider disposable diapers. Babies generally consume diapers at a more or less consistent rate when aggregated over a large group of customers. Nevertheless, order fluctuations invariably become considerably larger as one moves upstream in this supply chain. Consequences of the bullwhip effect can be severe, including excess and fluctuating inventories, shortages and stock outs, longer lead times, higher transportation and manufacturing costs, and mistrust between supply chain partners.(Fisher, 1997) The Supply Chain Operation Model (SCOR) was designed to enable companies to communicate, compare and learn from competitors both within and outside of their industry. It only measures supply chain performance but also effectiveness of supply chain reengineering. Further it has the ability to test and plan future process improvements. The SCOR is a process reference model. Process reference models integrate the well-known concepts of business process reengineering, benchmarking, and process measurement into a cross functional framework( SCC,2001) The evaluation of supply chain management information technology enables companies to integrate activities and organisations that were previously separate. Inside a larger organisation the key element for forging new efficient processes is sharing data between functions in real time. The objective is to eliminate administrative tasks that were develop when information could only be shared by sending documents between these areas. ( Eloranta, E Holmstrom, J et al., 2001) Information technologies are no longer considered as nice to have instead it is believed that is a must. Whoever uses the information technologies effectively in managing his business will have more chance to succeed in todays world. Capturing the necessary data is one part of the race but filtering and changing the data into information effectively is the most important concept. Companies produce vast amounts of data everyday but they require advance tools to manipulate the data to reach the informative data which helps to manage their business. The purpose of this research is to introduce the supply chain management concept and initiatives; and point the information technologies used in this area to achieve the expected benefits from the management of a supply chain. It emphasis how information technologies effect supply chain management and how can it be used to manage the supply chain more effectively. In this piece of work, the basics of Supply chain management and the initiatives of the supply chain management are being described. The effects of information technologies, as the inevitable backbone of the supply chain management, will be explained in detail. 3. Rationale for Chosen Topic: Companies strive to improve market share, grow corporate profit, and gain strategic advantage. In order to achieve these goals, supply chain competency must be placed at the heart of a companys business model. Firms realize that the competition is driven by customer demand. Effective supply chain management can offer customers high quality products and services with low prices. Effective SCM can help lower production and distribution costs through seamless cooperation between business partners in their supply chain. The big retail chains have fought to a standstill in price wars over the last decade. Now they are realising that the lending edge IT is an invaluable weapon in the battle for market share ( Masters) 4. Research Questions: Formulating a series of questions adds clarity to the research process. Therefore, the fundamental questions for the proposed research topic are: What are the benefits of IT on management of supply chain? What are the effects of IT system on supply chain management? What are the benefits of vendor managed inventory in supply chain management? 5. Research Objectives: The research objectives explain the purpose of the research and define standards for what the researcher is going to do. The objectives specify the information needed to accomplish the research process. The aim of this research is to gain a better understanding of supply chain management and how affect IT on management of Supply Chain by analyzing the vendor managed inventory (VMI). This VMI concept will be introduced and its benefits to supply chain management 6. Literature Review: Information is crucial to supply chain performance because it provides the foundation on which supply chain processes execute transactions and managers make decisions. Without information, a manager will not know what customer want, how much inventory in stock, and when more products should be produced and shipped. In short, without information a manager can only make a decision blindly. Therefore, information makes the supply chain visible to a manager. Given the role of information in a supply chains success, managers must understand how information is gathered and analysed. This is where IT comes into play. IT consists of the hardware and software throughout a supply chain that gathers, analyses, and acts on information. It serves as the eyes and ears of management in a supply chain, capturing and analysing the information necessary to make a good decision. Using IT systems to capture and analyse information can have a significant impact on a firms performance. For example, a major manufacturer of computer work-stations and serves found that much of the information on customer demand was not being used to set production schedules and inventory levels. The manufacturing group lacked this demand information, which forced them to make inventory and production decisions blindly. By installing a supply chain software system, the company was able to gather and analyse data to produce recommended stocking levels. Using the IT system enabled the company to cut its inventory in half because managers could now make decisions based on information rather than educated guesses. Large impacts like this underscore the importance of IT as a driver of supply chain performance. (Chopra, S. and Meindl, P., 2001) An efficient way to improve the effectiveness of SCM is to use Information Technology (IT). IT-solutions improve the integration with other actors in the supply chain and make the business processes more effective. This is done by reorganizing the processes and automating the information-flow between the businesses involved (Wu et al., 2004). Information technology has developed in a very fast pace in the area of supply chain management. This has generated new tools and solutions to handle the information sharing between different actors in supply networks. These types of supply chain technologies are of great current interest which is indicated by a research made by AMR Research Inc. The research indicates that nearly $15 billion been spent on SCM software since 1999 in the US alone (Ruppel, 2004). The most typical role of IT in SCM is reducing the friction in transaction between supply chains partners through cost-effective information flow. Conversely, IT is more importantly viewed to have a role in supporting the collaboration and coordination of supply chains through information sharing. Present IT as one of the key cures for bullwhip effect in supply chains. IT can be used for decision support. In this instance the analytical power of computers is used to provide assistance to managerial decisions. (www.emeraldinsight.com) Supply chain management is a vital part of the search for competitive advantage, today there is a wide range of software technologies that help to provide lean and efficient supply chains. All of which enable data, which might previously have been seen half way around the world by mail, to be delivered almost instantly with little cost or effort. (Johannson, M., 2003) A fast development of information technology has given the information flow within the supply chain a more central role than before. IT is a very important component within supply chain management and the development of IT has created many new opportunities for managing the supply chain. (Paulsson, U., Nilsson, C-H., Tryggestad, K., 2000) The internet is seen as the next big supply chain opportunity as it has gained increased reliability and security over recent years. As businesses have gained experience of this technology they are now able to take full advantage of sales automation through the internet. (Johannson, M., 2003) The supply chain absorbs as much as 60 to 80 percent of a sales dollar. Therefore it is of great importance to evaluate and analyze how the supply chain activities can be done more efficiently. This thesis focuses towards these types of activities, when a real-time IT-Logistics solution is implemented within the supply chain. This is done by many companies and the supply chain is becoming more and more essential to the firms competitive strategy. (Ballou, R. H., 2004) Information Technology (IT) is playing an increasingly critical role in the success or failure of the supply chain. IT ranks highly as the essential ingredient and backbone for the success of supply chain integration.(Barut, M., Faisst, W., and Kanet, J.J., 2002). IT has become one of the keys to operating success. It is impossible to achieve an effective supply chain without IT. Since suppliers are located all over the world, it is essential to integrate the activities both inside and outside of an organization. This requires an integrated information system (IS) for sharing information on various value-adding activities along the supply chain. (Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E.W.T., 2004) As customer demand steadily increases the importance of the application of information technology became clear, However success is not guaranteed by the technology itself, but by its application. (Eloranta, E Holmstrom, J., 2001) Over time, there have been numerous initiatives that have attempted to create efficiency and effectiveness through integration of supply chain activities and process. They have been identified by names such as quick response, electronic data interchange ( EDI), short cycle manufacturing, vendor-manage inventory (VMI), continuous-replenishment planning ( CRP), and efficient consumer response (ECR). (Coyle, J.J, Bardi, E.J., Langley, C.J., 2003) Electronic Data interchange ( EDI) allows companies to place instantaneous, paperless purchase orders with suppliers. EDI is not only efficient, but it also decreases the time needed to get products to customers as transaction can occur more quickly and accurately than when they are paper based. (Chopra, S. and Meindl, P., 2001) Prior to installing EDI many retail outlets would place orders for goods during stock out situations. For manufacturers this meant unpredictable peaks and falls in the order process, therefore making it difficult to establish a manufacturing cycle for their products. Retailers would stock up at the beginning of the season and face increasing stockholding costs plus the risk of having to mark down products at the end of the season to make way for new products. (Stafford, J., 1997) Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP) is an efficient replenishment concept within the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) arena. It focuses on improving the flow of products in the supply chain, both forward to the customer and eventually the end customer, and backward to the supplier.(Ahlerup, T., 2001) Vendor manage inventory process can be defined as A mechanism where the supplier creates the purchase orders based on the demand information exchanged by the retailer/ customer To say this is a simple terms, VMI is a backward replenishment model where the supplier does the demand creation and demand fulfilment. In this model, instead of the customer managing his inventory and deciding how much to fulfil and when, the supplier does. The Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) concept is one type of joint chain scheduling which takes care of the customers demand. This leads to increased flexibility for the supplier and efficient replenishment for the customer. (Vollmann, T. E., et al 2005) In order to make this work, it is necessary to have compatible systems that can support several standards of information flows from different actors. According to Vollmann this can be done through an open IT-architecture with a common platform for all actors within the network. VMI also helps by conveying customer demand data to the manufacturer, who can then plan production accordingly. This helps improve manufacturer forecasts and better match manufacturer production with customer demand. (Chopra, S. and Meindl, P., 2001) Vendor managed inventory (VMI) is a technique that allows suppliers to be empowered by managing inventories of agreed-upon items. VMI is now a widely practiced initiative in the retail industry. For example, Procter and Gamble (PG) and Wal-Mart have developed well-functioned VMI systems. A Web-based VMI system, in which the suppliers monitor inventory information via the Internet and replenish the items according to a predetermined contract, will improve customer service, reduce inventory buffers, reduce administrative costs, and reduce uncertainty for the supplier. The literature review identifies that IT is expected to have a pivotal role in managing supply chains, now and in the future. In fact it seems that the use of IT is crucial, especially in fast-moving industries, and particularly for managing contemporary supply networks. Moreover, the close relationship of the concept of SCM and IT sometimes makes it hard to assess which one contributes benefits. For example implementing a VMI model with EDI information transmission can lead to substantial reduction of inventories and at the same time increase material availability. 7. Research Methodology: The research design phase starts with the election of research methodology for the proposed study. The objectives of the study, the availability of information, cost of obtaining data, and appropriateness of the topic determines the research methodology used for the study. As the research is exploratory in nature, Qualitative research will be deemed more appropriate by choosing a case study, exploration of question of what the benefits of IT in SCM are. For the purpose of this investigation many different forms of primary research will be gathered by doing email and telephone interview. The goal is to understand the current state of IT implementations in SCM and what practical benefit they have recognised in SCM. Through the gathering of this primary research the information is mainly qualitative, this type of research does not involve numbers and figures or analysis of part performance but rather finding out peoples opinions and feelings, this type research also becomes increasingly important as a way of trying to predict further into the future. ( Dooley, D. Dransfield, et.al.1999) I will also use secondary data from the previous researcher, surveys and some contemporary issues. Secondary information will be used as a starting point for the further primary research, therefore it will be used in a majority of the research, this is due to the limitation of primary research and there is also a great deal of valuable information available through secondary research that the researcher fell need to be included, as it provides a good foundation for which to compare primary information and will therefore ensure validity. 8. Data Collection Methods: The data collection or gathering process is the stage in which the researcher collects data about the proposed topic. In this study, primary and secondary data collection method will be used to identify the nature of the problem. The articles from the business journals, the business books and other publicized material will be investigated to present the ideas of different academics on the issue of managing strategic change. Their findings on the issue will be included and research process and the comparison of opposite ideas will be based on the ideas of these academics. Athens Online Journals, University Libraries, Barnet Libraries, City Business Library , and British Library will be used to collect the required articles and books for the investigation. 9. Data Analysis: This is the stage where the researcher accomplishes several procedures to transform the data into useful information which helps answering the management problem and phenomenon. The proposed data analysis approach is qualitative data analysis method for this research. Data obtained through email surveys and telephone interview, various text books, journals and articles will be critically analysed by using a structured and systematic approach. The first aim here is to approach to the concept systematically and rigorously by doing so. The second aim is to establish a relationship between different ideas and structure them to reach to a conclusion. 10. Resource Requirements: The library facilities will be helpful to find sources such as published copies, course books, journals and samples. Internet is the most powerful source to gather information about companies, published copies, journals, samples, literature and secondary data. The other researches about the same subjects will be obtained through Internet websites and library.