Effects Of Breakwater In The Civil Engineering Field Construction Essay

Effects Of Breakwater In The Civil Engineering Field plait EssayProblems of erosion, diminution in shorelines, disappearance of beaches, and milieual impresss produce led to the recession of many economies around the world. To resolve, engineers endure devised man made structures deal mols and piers to address a medley of coastal problems such as shelter, fishing, docking and coast line recession. While these problems ar resolved, new ones emerge when bulwarks and jetties ar constructed in the beas. Clearly, jetty engine room and cogitate civil design fields ar still at their rudimentary level, despite the fact that these structures have been in use since age old. In the succeeding(a) study, the queryer carries taboo investigation into the hydrodynamics of breakwaters, and their engineering aspects, with the view to gain insight into their importance to civil engineering fields. The inquiryer aims to explore, evaluate and analyse the conflict of breakwaters on e ngineering professions, and ways that their knowledge limits or opens up new channels for engineering innovation. The events are compiled, and the researcher concludes that breakwater engineering has great kitchen range in contributing to civil engineering knowledge, issued that its image and applications are researched further.Chapter 1 IntroductionBackground and RationaleA coast is a geological system that is subject to constant movement and change. Shorelines, beaches, and coastal areas in effect affect tender-hearted lives, and vice versa. The diverse and complex character of the coastal system is the anyow of processes involving shivers, tides, currents and winds that affect the geological state of the coast in an strain to keep a balance between land and water. However, these are not the only factors that find out and shape coastlines. human activities for economic and social purposes contribute towards its modifications. Natural processes, coupled with human inter vention, contribute towards erosion, depositaryation, and accretion (Hsu, Lin, and Tseng 2007). In fact, according to French (1997), human activities tote up about changes that influence the environment adversely by creating new habitat and decreasing environment stability.Though not all changes affect the environment adversely, that the intrinsic processes are affected by the un inherent conditions. Coasts and estuaries are not indifferent towards human intervention where a range of variations in their structure and environment peck alter the geological, oceanological and shipboard soldier system therein. Added to this status is the fact that coasts have become the ideal place for human population, industrialisation, commercialisation transportation etc. Human has, in effect, taken over to develop coastal areas to act as shelters, ports, docks, and for many an opposite(prenominal) activities. The pressure for public assistanceting human lives has inevitably changed the environment drastically towards degradation. To compensate, a host of management strategies have been undertaken to operate, manage and sustain coastal areas, to control the activities and maintain a balance between nature and mankind (dAngremond and van Roode 2004). atomic number 53 of these management control methods is building of breakwaters and jetties. Jetties and offshore breakwaters are man made structures radiation diagramed to protect coastal areas from the natural and unnatural recession of the shoreline. Breakwaters are everydayly built parallel to the shore or at an angle to direct effective thrive action from its destructive impact on the shoreline. Jetties, on the other hand, are built with the purpose to prevent erosion of the introduction or harbour area. Offshore breakwaters provide shelter as they are built base on revolve refraction and diffraction (Putnam and Arthur, 1948). Similarly, groins are structures built to face seawards and at an angle to slope a t the same angle as the normal beach. Groins are built at an elevation above datum to act as the stabilising structure and to increase the width of the beach by clutch the shore drift in part or as a whole (Paige 1950). Apart from these, coastal areas are subjected to geological problems such as natural processes including coastal erosion, deposition, sedimentation, tsunami, tidal seethes etc. These require human intervention to protect and conserve human and natural habitat. For these purposes, an engineering field called coastal engineering has been introduced in the academic arena for enhancing the knowledge and skills of professionals to develop coastal areas with minimal damage to the natural and man made environment.coastal engineering involves developing and protecting animate coastal security work with the view to predict future natural coastal processes. Comprehending the nature and value of coastal processes, enables engineers to devise plans and strategies to protect these processes better. Moreover, knowledge of the coastal condition helps professionals in the field to construct, facilitate and execute better breakwater plait. Breakwater construction is a field that is directly related with coastal engineering.However, it withal has close relations with other engineering fields like geology, construction, environment and computer engineering. It is within this context, that the researcher shall be investigating the importance of breakwater engineering and the ways it affects the engineering field.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this dissertation is to investigate how breakwaters and their construction affect various civil engineering fields. The objective is toa. Identify the various civil engineering fields that breakwaters affect b. Evaluate how breakwaters impact civil engineering professionals and c. Study how the knowledge of breakwater construction adds to the skill knowledge of engineersScope and LimitationsThe research, in essence, is n ot a pure scientific empirical study, but rather an exploratory one. The researcher is aware that in exploring the dynamics of breakwater engineering, he/she go away have to link civil engineering techniques and skills, which makes it a successful defence structures for both, humans and naval behavior. In this context, the study shall limit its discussion to the various fields breakwater construction entails, and shall not delve extensive into any particular field which concerns its engineering perspectives, such as marine action or construction engineering. However, it will touch upon these topics byway, to enumerate on its role and effects on the engineering field. Audience readers shall find the study insightful and enlightening as it would provide the numerous aspects that coastal engineering of breakwaters impact. However, academics and scholars shall find the content of the study limiting as it shall not be holistically technical foul. Fellow students shall find the disser tation a good stepping treasure for furthering their research into areas of specialisation like geological engineering, construction engineering and so on. Nevertheless, the dissertation shall aim to address the social and scientific aspects of breakwaters.Outline of DissertationTo strain the above objectives, the researcher shall endeavour to carry out the study in the following mannerChapter 1 shall introduce the background and the rationale for the study. Chapter 2 shall provide the theoretical background based on an extensive literature review on the aspects of the study outlined above. Chapter 3 shall outline the methodologies considered and the rationale for the chosen research approach. Chapter 4 will be the analysis segment in which the researcher shall evaluate the data gathered, and discuss with the aim to acquire conclusive results. Chapter 5 shall be the conclusion to the research, offering insights gained from the research, summarising whether the researcher has accom plished the objectives or not, and perhaps some recommendations for future research.Chapter 2 Literature Review IntroductionBreakwaters and standardised coastal structures are human interventions, which are exposed to strong pothers, currents and other marine processes. The construction of such structures needs to be enduring, as comfortably as fitting, with the natural environment. The design and construction of breakwaters and interrelated structures betoken that knowledge of pure engineering alone is not practical. In fact, it requires consideration for various empirical and theoretical knowledge for its design. To the expiration of this knowledge, the researcher is of the view that civil engineering relating to large scale hydraulic structures has developed considerably. According to dAngremond and van Roode (2004), coastal problems of erosion, tides and currents have existed since the beginning of civilisation. However, the management of these movements and problems have g ained considerable attention today due(p) to the commercialization and population of coastal areas around the world. For these reasons, problems such as sea level rise, tidal asymmetry, sedimentation compute etc. need to be tackled. These are carried out through careful coastal defence and management practices, and engineering skills, which shall be discussed in the following sections.Coastal EngineeringOcean jolts are generated by wind and propagated from the ocean towards the shoreline. The orbital motions of wave kinematics influence the discretions and heights of the ocean bed. Near shore ocean beds are greatly impacted by the velocities and the wave strengths. As a result, sediment beds often change in topography due to continuous impact of the fluid forces of waves. sediment response or impact is negligible, but, in effect, compound the problem of sediment transportation to and away from the local beach. The scale, depth, and extent of the influence of the waves on the be ach whitethorn and may not result in coastal degradation. For these reasons, detailed investigation on the continental shelves, fluid dynamics, near shore motion and variation of ocean topography are required in hallow to monitor and maintain the natural barrier to land. When the problems of natural erosion and sedimentation become too great to manage, measures like construction of barriers, semiaquatic shoals, breakwaters and artificial headlands are undertaken to sustain the environment (Birbena et al 2006). Construction of this nature is triggered by defence planning, storm handling and flood prevention. In fact, coastal defence system and management require formation of framework for projects to be planned, investigated and implemented to meet the needs of the environment and its people. These are the civil aspects of coastal engineering (French 1997). Not only this structures like breakwaters also require continuous monitor and protection work to predict future performance. This is carried out through coastal engineering processes such as modelling to estimate the changing environment and angle of repose of shorelines, site investigation to study the roulette wheels of hydrographic and marine life status, as well as processing these to build a profile for the shorelines on which breakwaters are constructed. For example, in Iskander et als study (2007), the authors studied and developed a monitoring model for studying coastal structure a farsighted the El Agami area of Egypt. The study indicates that where breakwaters exist, shoreline fluctuates, marine life is impacted, as well as wave hydraulics. Coastal engineers need to record and study the gradual change that takes place due to the presence of breakwaters. Issues concerning wave distribution, shoreline sand composition, coastal calibration, marine survey, and effect on the harbours population are taken into account. Apart from these, breakwaters also affect the coastal structure such as villages, ports, or other such human activities (Iskander et al 2007). Furthermore, coastal engineers also need to look into that the construction of breakwaters and estuaries does not adversely affect human activities as a result of design fault of these structures. For example, in Donnell et als article (2006), the authors indicate that the breakwaters on Tedious Creek estuary on the shoreline of Chesapeake Bay in Dorchester County, MD caused substantial damage to local vessels than the benefits it provided for its shelters. The setup of breakwaters is aimed at protecting the boat dock and public piers from storms, but, in reality, the projects design fault has resulted in under performance, both in functionality and structure to benefit the locals. It is in instances such as these that coastal engineers need to be ascertain(p)ed of the need and importance for breakwater structures. Similarly, breakwaters can also result in beach morphology that efficaciously negates the protection object ive when breakwaters are constructed with limited knowledge applied relating to practical engineering. Accurate study of the shore area through cross shore distribution, large shore sedimentation transport rates and performance of breakwaters in advance, as well as using model calibration and validation, hydrodynamic module, wave modules etc. could positively affect the performance of the structures. Therefore, coastal engineers are responsible for studying the wave conditions, down drift side, expected erosion and current patterns behind submerged breakwater, to gauge incident waves. These mechanisms, according to Ranasinghe and Sato (2007), can relatively influence the function and utility of breakwaters function. Thus, coastal engineering is greatly influenced by the type and design of breakwaters structures.Construction engineeringBreakwaters and such coastal structure construction combine design and functionality with the view to protect the coastal area. The design process is similar to morphologic design of buildings as it entails paying attention to functional requirements, limitations of the state of the structure, exposure, construction phases and occurrence of natural conditions. Breakwaters also require considerations for knowledge of construction materials including quarry stone, concrete blocks, caissons and similar types of materials to apply to its construction. Equipments for both floating and rolling breakwaters too need to be studied and related to the specificity of the breakwaters site, function and design. The development of breakwaters also requires functional and structural monitoring of performance, with enduring characteristics. According to Camfield and Holmes (1995), coastal structures like breakwaters and jetties are influenced by long periods of water level changes. They need to be built parallel to the entrances, in an attempt to stabilise entrances and safe navigation. Construction along the shore should be carried out with th e direction of the channel in mind, to prevent migration of channel thalweg, rapid shoaling and erosion of the coastline (Morang 1992 qt. Camfield and Holmes 1995). This is because construction of jetties and breakwaters often creates a new equilibrium for the tidal system. For this purpose, surveys of adjacent shorelines, natural bypass and the material that may ebb tidal activities need to be carried out for effective construction of the structures aligned with the regional dynamic and hydraulic processes. Construction engineering approach such as cross sectional descent of inlet and tidal prism, as well as depths of the jetties and breakwaters, and water flows are studied before determination the ideal balance between performance, flow conditions, and natural marine activities.Knowledge of construction material, as mentioned earlier, is imperative for choosing and designing breakwaters to complement the need of the local landscape and environment. Since breakwaters are made up of rubble mounds or caissons or are concrete filled, knowledge of construction material adds to the skills required for developing structures for dispersing wave currents to minimise impact, as well as conserve energy from wave hydraulics where possible (Arena and Filianoti 2007). Not only this new construction material knowledge also provides an edge over the design and planning of the breakwater fit unit. Reedijk et al (2008), for example, indicate that the development of Xbloc by Delta Marine Consultants in 2001 has innovated armour concepts in terms of designs, tests and prototypes. Xbloc are concrete blocks designed to armour shore protection and are being used in breakwater construction actively by engineers today. Muttray et al (2003), in their study of the suitability of Xbloc in breakwater construction, indicate that Xbloc are shaped to suit the harsh environmental conditions of waves, and such hydraulic activities. When placed interlocked with each other, Xblocs not only reduce concrete volumes, but also execute the stability required for achieving breakwaters impact from wave loads and damage (Muttray et al 2003 Reedijk et al (2008). Added to this fact is the cost of layering breakwaters with Xbloc, which is significantly reduced as compared to other armour blocks.Furthermore, coastal protection design and construction require development and use of probabilistic design tools to gauge uncertainties, prediction of wave impact, as well as structure stability. One of the main concerns for construction engineers is that the structures can sustain its functionality for coastal protection, regardless of the wave conditions and transubstantiations of water bodies. The basic premise is that wave transmutation in foreshores and offshore areas cannot be relied upon through model designs. In fact, it requires construction engineers to have knowledge of coastal shores by using prediction models for wave transformation to study the effect of wave height, set up and distribution before designing the breakwater and jetty structures (Muttray et al 2001 Coduto 1999). Consideration for these aspects would help design structures to achieve its long term goals, as well as retain beach composition from long shore transport processes.Analytical engineeringBreakwaters are constructed based on engineering approaches and processes that exploit the nature of wave parameters and hydraulics. According to Huizinga (2003), breakwater engineering often fails after 5 to 10 years as a result of poor design. Engineers fail to grasp the concept of breakwater designs and modelling, which uses propagation of water around of breakwater with the assumptions that water is the ideal fluid and incompressible. Waves are small in amplitude and can be analysed using the linear wave theory. Their flow is usually rotational, which can be analysed through Laplace equations. Breakwaters depth is constant and its dynamics are determined by diffraction, refraction or consi deration (Huizinga 2003).Diffraction analysis takes into account of the water height, and the interaction of breakwater and waves. The wave energy is assumed to disperse as the waves come into contact lens with breakwater structures, which could be understood using linear diffraction theory. In this context, a rubble mound breakwater is a diametric form, with certain density and diameter designed to disperse wave motion. The velocity of the waves is retarded by its action, in contact with the breakwater. The change in direction of the wave affects the sediment supply, composition, wave properties, topography, and breakwater properties. Therefore, the variables in the breakwater interaction change in response to the caisson. The underlying assumption set forth is that the physical movement of breakwater is associated with the wave action, the permeability of the breakwater surface, seabed composition and response of the breakwater over a long period of time (Huizinga 2003 Twu and Ch ieu 2000).Alternatively, wave reflection and wave run up is the model for analysing breakwater through a cross section and slopes. In this method of engineering, wave reflection is determined by the 3 guage method. Wave conditions comprise of relative depth, height, steepness, and breaker index. Measurement of wave conditions is accomplished by analysing its reflection at the seaward direction when the wave surface comes into contact with the structure and foreshore. The water surface comes into contact with the breakwater as a toe and an anti knot. The wave run up and run down impact the breakwaters wave resistance. When engineers analyse the efficacy and effectiveness of breakwater, they study the angle of the incident wave, as well as its reflection coefficient, to determine the impact of regular wave action. The analysis is critical for gauging the significance of wave run up and run down on breakwater surfaces, and inevitably its longevity. This is achieved by using the higher order wave theory for assimilating waves and horizontal seabed asymmetry. Furthermore, wave reflection measurement is determined by its dynamics such as local wave height, wave pressure, wave energy dissipation and wave penetration into the structure (Muttray and Oumeraci 2002). How waves break or non break is hooked on the breakwater slope and the reflection set for critical wave incident impact (Clyne and Mullarkey 2008).These analytical approaches are various forms of analytical engineering, which are engaged to evaluate the strength, longevity, efficacy and effectiveness of the breakwater functionality. Alternatives in analytical engineering, therefore, help construction of the breakwaters more effective, as they establish the baseline for stabilisation potential, as well as extend the life rung of the structure (Wiegel 1962).Environment engineeringBreakwaters and jetties are engineering solutions to resolve the problem of erosion and sedimentation of shorelines. These are con structed with the view to sustain the shoreline, and in turn benefit the local human communities. Just as breakwaters and jetties affect the hydraulic system of the areas, they also produce long and short term impacts on marine life. hydrodynamic conditions, sedimentation patterns, wave motion, physical and chemical factors tend to alter the composition and nature of the habitat. Not only this the habitat tends to change in its characteristics and life cycle due to the change induced by the presence of breakwaters. No doubt, there is an imperative relationship between biological life form and breakwater structures. scour though breakwaters are developed with the objective to provide shelter to marine life, as well as harbour for human activities, the type of alleviation, shoaling and access to aquatic floral and faunal also gets impacted when breakwaters are constructed without careful monitoring of quality, composition and marine lifecycle. In fact, construction of breakwaters for creating inlets often results in floral and faunal morphology of marine life due to the quality of sand, water chemical properties and the wave action. Water temperature, with variation through seasonal change, substantially affects the fish population, as well as other marine life forms. For example, the components of macrozoobenthos, algaes and polychaetous worms densities change (increase/decrease) according to the increasing or decreasing water depth. Thus, construction of breakwater tends to adversely affect the micro constituents of marine biology (Biological effects of breakwater construction 1985).At times, colonisation of fishes within the vicinity is affected due to the elevated turbiditys and suspended solids concentrates near the breakwater. Moreover, maintenance of the depth of entrance to the area, and exposure of the same, can alter the sustenance level of fish populations. By streamlining the natural sand bypass, the morphological performance can be modify to simul ate waves, currents and sediment transport, which corresponds with the marine life processes (Broker et al 2007). The reliability of the effect of breakwater calibration process ensures that the constructed structure does not hinder marine life forms. For this purpose, marine engineering knowledge, combined with the breakwater development know how, can help local engineers to establish dynamic coastal structures to fit within the parameters of the natural environment.Risks and failuresWhile it is clear that breakwaters have their own functionality and utility for which they are used to sustain beach line sustainability and continuity, they are also risky.The utility and functionality of breakwaters and jetties depend on the model, material and simulation upon which they have been based. Measurement for their horizontal and vertical fluid velocities, breakwater composition (porous or non porous), energy dissipation rate and modification intensity, all contribute towards its impenetra ble nature. However, any variation and standard deviation in the design such as surface elevation, velocity variation, calibration, and structure permeability can result in its wear and breakage. According to Kobayashi et al (2007), breakwater permeability can affect its situation in the beach zone, effectiveness in eliminating serious wave impact and structural longevity. In fact, breakwater transformation as a result of wave load, pressure and velocity can lead to shattering. This is dependent on the design of the breakwater and its sensitivity and test against breaker ratio. Steepness of seaward slope, wave breaking motion, and wave parameters greatly influence the structure, to the extent of predicting its posture (Kobayashi et al 2007).In fact, Oumeraci et al (2006) are of the view that analysis of saturation due to liquefaction phenomena in sand gravity structure tends to increase the risk of structural failure. Vertical breakwaters, especially, are vulnerable to permanent de formation of the subsoil, which leads to irreversible strains at the peak stress level. As a result, breakwaters structures can give way to wave load induced by the fluctuation in pressure along the seabed and the pore pressure in the concrete itself. Failure of such monumental nature affects the stability, composition, and cyclic mobility.Failure is also the result of the nature of the breakwater structure, whether it is designed for offshore or onshore coastal defence. It is greatly influenced by the depth, and nature of the sand composition underneath the seabed upon which the breakwater is constructed. The relative density of the sand, pressure of the fluid, as well as storm yield, all contribute towards its resolution (Oumeraci et al. 2001).Apart from these physical risks and failures, breakwaters are also vulnerable in terms of their effect on marine life forms. Changing chemical composition due to displacement of fauna colonisation, as well a toxicity of the structures alon g the sediment banks, can result in breakwater biota fluctuations. While the human benefits of breakwaters last for 5 to 10 years, the long term effects of marine life cycle and fishery can alter the nature of the coast wholly if careful engineering approaches are not undertaken for the construction of breakwaters (Biological effects of breakwater construction 1985).ConclusionThe above discussion has been carried out with the view to provide an overview of the relationship between breakwater construction and its impact on engineering fields. While engineering is a vast discipline, in this study the researcher has included engineering fields related to the construction of breakwaters and their maintenance. The discussion indicates that breakwater structures are not merely coastal construction monuments, but have multidimensional impact on the physical, biological and human life. For this purpose, engineering and designing of these structures need to be analysed, planned and implemen ted with care, for its impact.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyThe nature of research problem determines the prize of its methods. Before one chooses the research method, its objectives, audience and underlying assumptions should be justified. The methodologies are then weighed and evaluated to justify for its choice. The theoretical perspective of the study should provide the background reality, as well as the constituent for increasing readers knowledge. Within these dimensions epistemology is concerned with providing a philosophical grounding for deciding what kinds of knowledge are possible and how we can ensure that they are both adequate and legitimate (Crotty 1998). The epistemology, therefore, allows the researcher to decide the application and the underlying academic literature that is required for adding knowledge to the existing consciousness. Generally, there are two options objectivism and constructionism. The objectivistic approach entails the investigation of existing k nowledge and spanning it to extend its consciousness. The aim is to discover the objective truth. On the other hand, the constructionist approach entails the research which requires interaction with the world, and finding the truth in the process.Underlying the constructionist approach is the premise that research endeavours need to explore views from multiple angles before deciding on the objective truth. This approach is grounded in the soft methodology (Crotty 1998 qt. Levy 2006). Alternatively, researchers in the applied field usually conduct research based on quantitative methods that entail action research and evaluations for studying particular aspects and issues. The premise for choosing action research is to endeavour to capture the reality with certain degree of control on the phenomena under research. Although, the nature of the coastal engineering field mandates that research activities be subject to quantitative empirical methods whereby researchers carry out extensive action research strategies and processes.However, in this case, the researcher has opted for the qualitative approach as it complements the nature and topic under discussion. Whereas the study of breakwater is pragmatic, the exploration of its connection and impact on the engineering field is qualitative in nature. Furthermore, to understand the implications of breakwaters and their effect on civil engineering profession, investigation into the subjective views of experts within the field is required, rather than engaging in empirical research to achieve its findings.Having said that, the researcher is also aware that qualitative research requires a image for basing the enquiry. According to Gummesson (2000), a paradigm is a very general conceit of the nature of scientific endeavours within which a given enquiry is undertaken (p.18). It is a world view which allows the researcher to base his/her research outcomes and understanding. Research paradigms can be divided into positivis t, which is characterised by the world as the external dimension and must be researched through facts and fundamental laws, and by studying concepts through sampling. On the other hand, the phenomenological paradigm involves the social construction of the subject, and characterised by the understanding of the totality of the situation by investigating the issue through established phenomena. For the current study, the researcher shall bear the phenomenological paradigm for analysing the effect of breakwaters on the engineering field. The rationale is based on the premise that even though through the course of discussion some technical and practical aspects shall be discussed, the analysis shall regard the ideology, decision logic and utility behind breakwaters and their link with civil engineering fields. While the researcher is aware that the phenomenological paradigm is not suited for engineering and scientific research, he/she also has the understanding that research of this qua litative nature

Developing Innovation at Nokia

Developing Innovation at NokiaAbstractThis paper looks into the original situation at Nokia, a confederation that deals in the harvestingion of mobile phones as well as mobile softwargon that argon intended to rush along on. The current workforce at the company has been facing the challenge of wishing of innovation in and requires a diagnosis and recommendation of the problem that the company is facing. The lack of innovation in the current world situation is detri amiable to the company since it requires advanced employees so as to ensure that it is in line with technological advancement in the world today. As the world is moving forward and making major technological advancements companies like Nokia need to be in advance(p) so as to stay ahead of the pack. The lack of innovation will lead to other companies taking up a greater share of the mobile phone hunting expedition meaning that Nokia will lose a lot in terms of capital and investment. This paper looks at the probl em at Nokia, the possible causes of the problem and besides suggests recommendations on how to deal with the problem of lack of innovation at the company.IntroductionInnovation in a operative unit of employees can be specify as the act of starting something new for the first off time, it is the act of flood tide up with a product that the world has never seen before or coming up with a product that easily solves the problems that the world is facing. Nokia unavoidably to innovate and come up with a product or a series of products that prolong yet to be implemented by any of its competing organizations. Creation of a new product may be as a result from a study, experiment or even current problems that are facing the world. Innovation can be said to be the brain child of creativity of the company and its employees. In order to have innovation in the company right-hand(a) motif of employees is needed so as to be able to promote right innovation in its employees. The companys employees must have a clear guideline and understanding of what innovation is and what it entails and what constitutes innovation. The company and its employees must first brace the benefits that come with innovation. These are discussed belowBenefits of promoting innovation at the work placePromoting innovation in the group has great benefits for the aggroup of employees as well as the company. Promoting innovation extends oddity in the companys group of employees since it expands their thinking capabilities and allows them think outside the box. Innovation nurtures a character of wanting to know more so as to solve a problem. This is critical because curiosity leads to the team trying out and playing around with new ideas and concepts, this contributes highly to the learning process. Promoting innovation leads to adjoind productivity of the team. This can be through positive competition within the team. Promoting innovation leads to the team building and cohesiveness. The t eam acts as a single unit in order to interpret the goals of innovation that have been set. Promoting innovation will ontogenyd employee motivation and morale. Promoting innovation encourages the team with passion in undertaking their tasks. Innovation leads to the team having more extolment other than criticism and these gains and boosts the teams spirit when facing a problem. (Rafinejad D. 2007)Promoting innovation in a team in like manner has great benefits on not only the team elements but too to Nokia as a whole. Nokia benefits greatly by being the first organization to take a product or return to the securities industry before any of their competitors. Innovation gives Nokia an edge over its competition. By being the first organization to take a new product or service to the market Nokia gains a large market share. Due to having a large market share and increased team productivity Nokia benefits by the increase of dough margins. This in turn increases the share price of Nokia. Innovation also leads to increase in shareholder dividends due to the increased profit margins of the company. Innovation will increase the overall production of Nokia by having a highly motivated team. (Prather. C. 2001)Problems that lead to lack of innovation at NokiaThe lack of innovation is a dynamic chasteness that affects the company. So as to solve the menace it would be definitive to first ask ourselves the question where does the problem lie? The company and its employees must understand the implicit in(p) problems that are leading to lack of innovation.Employees at Nokia also lack motivation and morale to develop any new products. Motivation is described as the mental push or pull that stimulates the companys workers towards a certain desired achievement that will lead towards the achievement of innovation goals. Employee enthusiasm directly affects an employees work stimulus and output of an employee. Innovation requires a lot of employee effort and Nokia is facing the challenge of ensuring that it constantly motivates its employees so as to allow the company to operate at optimal efficiency. As discussed innovation is a direct effect of work output and input and it is greatly influenced and affected by motivation. Especially in the kind of vapourific global market that companies like Nokia are dealing with. It is important for the employees to be well motivated so as to behave sure they are innovative. Nokia of necessity also to look at building a team that works because it is important for employees to work together so as to ensure that they are innovative as well as productive.The recent financial meltdown that the world has brought about an increase in the prices of materials and production of new products, the company lacks enough bills so as to promote and nurture innovative ideas at the work place. The prices of energy, resources and labour have all shot up and the company is having problems trying to assign any new produ cts in the market. The company is facing a very hard time trying to produce goods for its market in the United States let alone the global market. The company is on the receiving end of unfair competition from other mobile phone manufacturers for example Samsung who are operating in chinaware which offers better market conditions as well as reduced cost of production. Without enough funds the company cannot come up with any innovative products for the current market since Nokia would be forced to make the cost of their product so high that customers would opt for other brands.RecommendationsHow to foster innovation in employeesIn an effort by the company to promote innovation Nokia could adopt a few strategies which encourage the team members to be as innovative as possible. The company needs to set up a team that will champion innovation in the organization. The team should lead the way for other employees. So as to increase innovation Nokia must first select the suitable employee team to tackle the problems at the organization. The team member should be selected and employed in a part with and fair manner and it should only contain people who are qualified in the particular field that Nokia is dealing in. the team selected must include new and energetic people who are willing to learn fresh ideas and who are willing to take risks as well as being ready to severalise away from the norm products that Nokia produces. The organization must select a competent team. It must ensure that employee dynamics in the team selected are good so as to increase the productivity of Nokia. The most important part of an organization is its employees. The employees should work together towards a goal.Employee diversity is a major setback to employees running(a) together. Therefore Nokia should be able to harmonize all its employees so as to be able to achieve its goals. Employee relation intercession would be very important when there are many conflicts at the work place, w hen there is a recruitment of new employees and low employee morale.How to ensure the team works togetherEmployee bringing upNokia could choose to hire a professional to train employees in the organization on the benefits. Employees could be trained on the importance of working together with their helpmate employees.Mentorship plans and futuristic leadershipNokias top leadership for example, the board of directors should offer the required mentorship to the organizations employees. The management should also be responsible for leading the companys workers towards meeting its goals and objectives. The company should also talk to the workers as a group and as a unit that requires working together. Nokia should resolve all conflicts that exist between the employees. Nokia must encourage have dialog as well as an open channel for communication between workers. Nokia should encourage team building and offer incentives for teams that have good performance.Nokia should so come up with an approach to innovate its team members. From time to time Nokia should reflect upon its approach so as to ensure that Nokia has in place proper measures and strategies that are in tune with Nokias morals, plans and objectives of Nokia. Nokia should then inform the whole team of the strategies and motivate the team to come up with new ideas for a new product or service (Konstadakopulos, 2001). Nokia should adopt a strategy of free flow of ideas within the team whereby the team members should be free to exchange information and ideas for the advance of Nokia. Nokia should come up with an award scheme for some of the most innovative ideas. Awards could be in the form of salary bonuses to the team or team member who came up with the most innovative idea. Nokia must also ensure that the owner of an implemented idea get recognition for their work done (Konstadakopulos, 2001).Nokia must also be able to avail enough funds, resource and time so as to facilitate the research, design, testi ng and implementation of the innovative ideas. Nokia must encourage team member not to give up and take chances with ideas. Nokia should encourage the team to learn from its mistakes in the past. In as much as the team should be able to take risks Nokia must be able to teach the team how to pick between the risks and the benefits of taking the risk. To be able to differentiate the two should be well explained to the team members. Finally Nokia should have a perfect action plan so as to be able to implement the strategies that have been discussed above. Without the action plan the strategies discussed above will have no beneficial use to the organization (Konstadakopulos, 2001).The team selected by the organization should be able to anticipate future day trends. Innovation is all about being the future. Nokia must be able to cater for research in future trends by collecting data from consumers and feeling polls. Nokia must be able to come up with practical and realistic ways for th e team to overcome the problem facing Nokia. The organization must stand an environment that encourages and supports the team to do its best, to the best of its ability (William, 1989). Nokia must desist from internal or external interference of the teams work and should encourage the team to make its own independent decisions without having external pressures this could affect innovation. In as much as Nokia does not interfere in the teams work Nokia should continuously challenge the team to come up with innovative ideas and alternative ways of solving a problem.In an effort to maximize on innovation and profits Nokia must be ready to branch out and invest in emerging markets. It should promote innovation by encouraging the team to find new opportunities and concepts. Team members should be encouraged to be curious and experimental since its only by taking risk that they could learn. The policy of free flow of information should be implemented for the team so as to increase and bo ost the team building effort. Team building could also be enforced by, as discussed above, financial incentives to the team for having innovative ideas. Incentives will constantly challenge the team to be better. They also boost the teams spirit, morale and enthusiasm towards their work. These incentives could include pay rises, bonus pays and job promotions (Rajat, 2009).How to control employee motivation and performanceNokia can use incentives and gifts to motivate employees into. Nokia should propose a system which offers employees financial incentives which are pegged on the profits that the company makes from any innovative. This will increase work input and output. This will in turn increase the companys profits. The employees participating in the scheme directly affect the companys profits. Nokia must ensure that the scheme motivates the selected employees to be more productive (Konstadakopulos, 2001). The goals and ambitions must be realistic and attainable. Nokia must spell out goals that can be achieved. It would be best if the goals were based on the report of the company. If the goals are set too high it would demoralize the employees.Nokia should provide a suitable climate for the development of employee careers. Promotions should be given on the basis of virtuousness not on the basis of years of service. This will enhance career development for hardworking employees. It will also act as a motivating factor. Nokia must also plan for leadership and management. Only qualified employees should be promoted to leadership and management positions. This will ensure that Nokia has competent leadership and thus increase the companys productivity. It is important to increase employee performance so as to increase the overall performance of Nokia. Nokias goals offer the reference to performance. Nokia should clearly state its objectives and the progress to the goals must be monitored regularly. Nokia should have a feedback system that tells the employees hoe close or how far they are from Nokias objectives. So as to be able to meet this objectives employee performance is critical.The first tonicity to performance management is the statement of Nokias performance goals. Nokia must have clearly stated and defined goals. The employees should be made aware of these goals. The next step would be coming up with a performance plan. The company must routinely monitor and track this plan. Nokia should evaluate performance and reward where due. The performance plans of Nokia should be open to development. They should allow for improvement.ConclusionSo as to be able to achieve an organizations goals and objectives its important for Nokia to embrace effective intercession. Organization development intercessions are aimed at increasing the performance and output of Nokia. So as to be successful organization development intercessions should affect the whole organization and should go down to item-by-item level. The intercessions should be spons ored by the head of the company and should be supported by Nokias staff. Intercessions that should be implemented in this case should involve respect for employees and the administration, having a working administration in Nokia, having trust and open channels of communication between the administration and the employees. The intercessions must be able to support open confrontation of problems that are facing Nokia. Major stakeholders in Nokia must also participate actively in the intercessions. This will somehow give the intercessions a bit of weight and seriousness.

Essay example --

INTRODUCTIONHISTORY OF KSEKarachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is currently the biggest and most liquid stock exchange in Pakistan, which was set up on September 18, 1947. It was incorporated on March 10, 1949. In the start only five companies were listed with a total paid up capital of Rs. 37 million. (ksestocks.com/AboutKSE, 2014) The first index introduced in KSE was based on fifty companies and was called KSE 50 Index.With the passage of time, KSE 100 index was introduced on November 1, 1991 because there was a need of a real representative index and computer based trading activities due to the growth in number of listed companies and trading activities. Karachi Automated Trading System (KATS) was introduced in 2002 for the purpose of computerized trading in stock exchange. The capacity of KATS was 1.0 million trades per day and the ability to provide connectivity to an unlimited number of users. After that the other to indexes was also introduced, named KSE 30 Index and KMI 30 Index t o deal with the needs of investors of KSE. KSE 100 INDEXThe KSE-100 Index was introduced i...

The Heroines of the Western Schoolhouse :: Teachers Education Papers

The Heroines of the Hesperian Schoolhouse School-Teacher Wanted One room schoolhouse seeks a young, single white charwoman who is willing to leave her sheltered life and come teach twenty to thirty classes a day, for a variety of students ranging in ages from five to twenty-two. Teacher moldiness be able to perform with inadequate teaching materials and minimal funding for her salary and for the maintenance of the school. If you fit these qualifications, you wouldve been a wonderful addition to the old Western schoolhouse. Women of the Western schoolhouse had a reputation for instilling values and lessons to the children of the frontier. They were historical heroines who chose to journey all the way from the East just to hear the sounds of children learning. According to Anne M. Butler, in her book Uncommon Common Women, these women leftover behind their family and friends, took teacher training, signed two-year contracts, and set forth for unknown sites (68). Schoolteachers on t he frontier must dumbfound had an incredible love for children in order to deal with the difficulties the West placed in their way. Adventurous women came from the East to teach for many different reasons some entangle Gods calling, others felt a perceive of responsibility, and still others came because they needed money to support themselves and their families back home. But at the heart of all these women, was a love for children that allowed them to surmisal forth into the world unknown. In reality, was a love for children enough to keep these women in this land far from home? Well, there were other advantages for their staying, as well. When women left the East, they were uncertain of their skills, and many felt this was their only option. But these dedicated women stumbled upon a sense of inner confidence they had never known before, and they also gained a much creative outlook on things. Other young women came with the hope theyd meet their perfect match and live happily ever after. For them, the West offered a sense of adventure worth pursuing. Ladies certainly didnt choose the profession of teaching because of monetary benefits. Butler explained that schoolteachers were met with the challenge of having low wages and a high cost of life-time (73). Classes were only taught during the seasons that didnt coincide with the heaviest farm production, and many districts only paid per head/per day, a system that lowered teacher salaries when children were absent for impassable travel conditions or seasonal farm and ranch responsibilities (Butler 73).

The Importance of Light in A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

This paper will discuss the use of light in the play, A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams.Blanches relation to light is quite obvious because she tries toavoid bright light of any kind. Her reaction to light fuel beregarded as an tone-beginning to hide her true nature as well as hervanishing beauty and youth. By hiding from the light, she tries toescape reality. She covers the naked light bulb with a Chinese paperlantern, saying, I cant stand a naked light bulb, any more than Ican a rude find or a vulgar action (Sc.3 p. 2093). This remarkshows that Blanche would rather hide behind polite phrases than accepttruth and reality. The paper lantern is not very stable, though, andit can easily be destroyed, just like her illusions. In scene six,she relegates Mitch home with her and says, Lets leave the lights off(Sc.6 p. 2309). Blanche thinks of Mitch as a future husband, and consequently she does not expect him to kat once her past or her true age, andthe best way to hide her age is to stay out of bright light where hecould possibly see her wrinkles and fading youth in her face. Laterin that scene, Blanche testifys Mitch about her husband Allan When Iwas sixteen, I made the discovery love. All at once and much, muchtoo completely. It was like you suddenly turned a blinding light onsomething that had always been half in shadow, thats how it strickenthe world for me (Sc. 6 p. 2113).In her past, light used to represent love, but now it representssomething destructive for her. Allans suicide erases the light orlove, and thus she now does not believe in it any longer and tries toescape from the light and therefore escape reality.When Mitch tears off the paper lantern in order to take a closer lookat her in the bright light, she utters a frightened gasp (Sc. 9 p.2125). Then she tells him, I dont want realism. I want magic Yes, yes, magic I try to give that to people. I misrepresent thingsto them. I dont tell truth, I tell what ought to be truth.

Socrates and Socrates: A Philosophical Pair for the Ages Essay

In Walter Mosleys Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned, the reader is introduced to Socrates Fortlow, an ex-convict who served twenty-seven years for murder and rape. Fortlow is plagued by guilt and, seeing the chaos in his town, feels a need to improve not only his own standards of living, but also those of others in Watts. He attempts this by teaching the people in Watts the lessons he feels will resolve the many challenges the neighbourhood faces. The lessons Fortlow teaches and the methods by which he teaches them are very similar to those of the ancient classic philosopher for whom Fortlow was named We was poor and country. My mother couldnt afford school so she figured that if she named me after somebody smart then maybe Id bunk smart (Mosley, 44). Though the ancient Greek was born to be a philosopher and Fortlow assumed the philosopher role as a response to the poor state of his breeding and Watts, both resulted in the same required instruction to their populations. The two Socrates both utilize a form of teaching that requires their pupil to become engaged in the lesson. They emphasize ethics, logic, and feelledge in their instruction, and place importance on epistemology and definitions because they feel a problem cannot be solved if one does not first know what it is. Socrates was essential in first introducing these concepts to the world and seemed to be born with them inherent to his being, Fortlow has learned the ideals through life experience and is a real-world application in an demesne that needs the teachings to get on track. While the two men bear many similarities, their differences they are attributed primarily as a result of their circumstances translate the basis of Fortlows importance in Watts and as a modern-... ...Devious or Divine. Greece & Rome 2nd ser. 32.1 (1985) 32-41. Web. .Groeller, Alison D. From Rage to Reason run for and Politics In Walter Mosleys Socrates Fortlow Novels. Crossroutes The Meanings of Race in the 21st Cen tury. Ed. Paola Boi and Sabine Broeck. Munster Lit Verlag, 2003. 161-72. Google Scholar. Web. Mosley, Walter. Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned. New York Washington Square, 1998. Print. Socrates. Free Study Guides for Shakespeare and Other Authors. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. . Socrates. The Basics of Philosophy. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. . Taylor, C. C. W. Socrates. Oxford Oxford UP, 1998. Print. Wilson, Charles E. Walter Mosley A Critical Companion. Westport, CT Greenwood, 2003.

Interaction of Human Culture and the Environment :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Interaction of Human Culture and the EnvironmentIn the mid(prenominal) 1970s and early 1980s, the field of clinical psychology underwent a revolution with the emergence of family therapy. Therapists initially understood disorders as being the result of a linear range of a function of causality. For instance, one theory of schizophrenia held that the disorder resulted from exposure to a certain pattern of behavior on the part of the patients mother. Mothers of schizophrenics were often found to be particularly cold, unresponsive, dominant, and conflict-inducing towards their children. Researchers argued that such schizophrenogenic behavior was the direct cause of the disorder. Successful treatment, indeed, required the patient and mother to examine their relationship and seek out better, more positive methods of interaction. Family therapists, however, then began to realize that the etiology of the disorder was far more complex than simply the mother inducing the disorder deep dow n the child. The schizophrenic and the mother were enmeshed within a complex system of interactions both within, as well as outside, the family. Thus, the schizophrenic was affected by both his mother and father, the schizophrenic himself had an impact on his parents, the father and mother affected each other through their marital relationship, and social and cultural norms had an overall impact on all members of the family. Family systems researchers realized that these non-homogeneous relationships were constantly changing, and that each one had a significant effect on the others. Problems within the family were now understood in terms of circular causality alternatively than linear. For instance, it might very well be true that the schizophrenics mother is cold, conflict-inducing, and unresponsive towards him. It is in addition true, however, that the schizophrenic manifests very bizarre behavior, such as hearing voices, playing on paranoid impulses, hallucinating, and displa ying inappropriate (or flat) emotional responses. These behaviors would certainly affect the mother, as she would be stressed and deeply concerned for her childs well being. The mother might also be affected by a strained marital relationship with her husband, which itself might be vetoly impacted by the childs schizophrenic behavior. Finally, the family might be negatively affected by the society in which they live, as their neighbors or colleagues might view them as outcasts and purposely isolate them because of their childs inappropriate behavior. Ultimately, this series of negative interactions may result in a feedback loop, in which maladaptive behavior is amplified and the childs schizophrenic behavior worsens.