Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development Essay

I will begin my essay by outlining Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development and I will then go on to evaluate how far this help us to understand a client’s presenting issue. Freud’s theory of psychosexual development begins with the belief that human beings are purely driven by biology, in the form of the libido or sexual energy. The driving force of the libido is divided into five stages, he argues, and our early experiences during childhood are responsible for the development of a healthy personality, or if any individual were to experience trauma during these stages then it would result in disruption in the child’s personal development and the child may become stuck in this stage, resulting in neurosis. This five stages of sexual libido are: The Oral Stage – from birth to about 18 months – is where the child directs all its attention to the mouth in the form of sucking, eating and drinking. If stuck in this stage the client may still like to use their mouth a lot, resulting in the client presenting with overeating, drinking, smoking or talking The Anal Stage – from about 18 months to three years – is where the child directs their attention to the elimination of waste, and of the feelings experienced by the expelling of waste. This is also the stage where the child first experiences an element of control over themselves, as to where they excrete or and indeed whether or not they excrete their waste product. The child learns that he can use his bodily functions to elicit attention from his carer by excreting on the floor rather than in the potty. Clients stuck in the anal stage may be either anally retentive or expulsive in personality. Those that are anally retentive individuals are controlling and like to have everything in order – they may suffer from OCD and have quick outbursts of anger. Anally expulsive individuals tend to be untidy and disorganised. The Phallic Stage – from about three to five years – is where children become aware of their genital regions. This is the stage where the child starts to become aware of the differences between male and female genitalia, and their energy is spent undressing themselves, and perhaps others, in order to explore these differences. It is also the stage  of manipulating the genitals and the discovery of pleasure in doing so. It is during this stage that the Oedipus conflict arises; the belief that a boy has incestuous cravings for his mother and views his father as a rival for this affection. The boy also fears his father, as his father is bigger than him in all ways including his penis. Freud argued that the boy feels castration anxiety at this stage as a result of repressed sexual desire for his mother. If the boy has the correct parenting at this stage, then the boy identifies with the father and comes to have harmless affection for the mother. The Electra complex is the female counterpart. It is based on the view that each girl wants to possess her father and replace her mother. A phallic fixation can lead to an individual with a narcissistic, homosexual, egotistical or overly sexualised personality that may lead to serial marriage, polygamy or polyandry. The phallic fixation tends to use sex to discharge emotional tension and will often have sexual relationships that are superficial and lacking in love and affection The Latency Stage – from five years to adolescence. In this stage, sexual motivated needs subside as the child focuses their attention on developing other skills needed for their survival. A child stuck in this stage may have issues forming sexual relationships and have trouble expressing themselves sexually, leaving themselves and or their partners sexually unfulfilled. The Genital Stage – from adolescence to adulthood. During the onset of adolescence, the child moves from self-love or narcissistic love to diverting this love to others. It is argued by psychotherapists that are advocates of this theory that individuals disrupted during the ‘Genital stage’ may result in sexual disorders such as fetishes and paedophilia. According to Freud, only symptoms can be modified, and not the behaviour of the client – this can be done in two ways: 1. Lessening of the intensity of the unconscious urges, by bringing them to the consciousness or by strengthening the defences against them. An example of lessening the client’s behaviour is by encouraging a client to leave a job where aggressive urges were continually being aroused by an oppressive boss. 2. Alternatively the client can act out their urges in a more acceptable and symbolic way. An example being that anal urges can be expressed through pottery, as an alternative to faecal play. Feminists would argue that Freud’s theory concentrates on male sexual development, and provides little in understanding female sexuality. Freud’s work has also  been criticised for over emphasising sex drive and little else in order to assess a client’s presenting issue. Carl Jung and Fromm, two students of Freud, agreed with this statement, but used Freud’s work to develop their own theories, which I outline below. Carl Jung (1875 -1961) believed that that the libido was not just sexual energy, but instead generalised psychic energy. The purpose of this psychic energy was to motivate the individ ual in a number of ways, including spiritually, intellectually, and creatively. It was an individual’s source for seeking pleasure as well as reducing conflict. Jung placed greater emphasis on the unconscious than Freud; he argued that the psyche was composed of three components. Firstly, he believed that the ego is conscious, because people are aware of their own thoughts, memories and emotions. The unconscious mind, Jung believed, was split into two parts (the remaining two components): The personal unconscious, which is the same as Freud’s belief, in that it consists of repressed memories. Jung explained an important feature of the personal unconscious called ‘complexes’. A complex is a collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes and memories, which focus on a single concept. The more elements attached to the ‘complex’ the greater its influence on the individual. The second deeper level is the Collective consciousness. This level of unconscious is shared with other members of the human species, comprising of latent memories from our ancestral and evolutionary past (‘The form of the world into which a person is born is already inborn in him, as a virtual image’ Jung, 1953). Jung called the ancestral memories and images ‘archetypes’. For Jung, our primitive past becomes the basis of the human psyche, directing and influencing present behaviour. Important archetypes include: the persona, or our social mask, just like an actor in a play; Anima/Animus, or our male and female sides – this comes from living side by side with the opposite sex for centuries; the shadow, similar to Freud’s ID, comprised of our animal urges or survival and reproduction. Jung argued that the psychological development of both sexes was undermined as the development of western society has led to the devaluation of feminine qualities over the predominance of the persona, leading to insecurity. Jung agreed with Freud that a person’s past and childhood experiences determined future behaviour, but he also believed that we are shaped by our future aspirations too. Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980) differed with the Freudian  emphasis on unconscious drives. Fromm argues that a person’s drives were not purely biological – he believed that man had free choice to decide on whatever action he felt appropriate and therefore gui ded their own destiny. Fromm saw conflict arising within the individual, when they had to weigh up the freedom of choice with the fear of uncertainty, when making these decisions. As a sociologist and psychologist, his theories integrated both psychology and Marxist Historical Materialism. Fromm argued that each socioeconomic class fosters a particular character, governed by ideas and concepts that justify and maintain the socioeconomic system. Fromm believed that the unique character of human existence gives rises to eight basic needs. Firstly Unity, as human beings have lost their original oneness with nature, they need to relate in order to overcome their isolation. Secondly their relatedness with others, care, respect and knowledge. Thirdly humans need to transcend their own nature, as well as their passivity and randomness of existence, which can be accomplished either positively, by loving and creating, or negatively, through hatred and destruction. Fourthly the individual also requires a sense of rootedness or belonging, in order to gain a feeling of security, and sense of identity. Fifthly the sense of identity which is expressed non-productively as conformity to a group and productively as an individual. Sixthly is need is for orientation understanding the wor ld and our place in it. Seventhly is excitation and stimulation or actively striving for a goal rather than simply responding. Eighthly is effectiveness the need to feel accomplished. This Orientation can be achieved either through assimilation (relating to things) or socialisation (relating to people). Fromm identified several character Orientations in Western Society. Authoritarianism – when an individual cannot come to terms with this freedom, he could avoid his responsibilities by withdrawing beneath the protection of someone or something else. Examples of this include God, a specific political leader of party, an institution of even one’s carer. Receptive Orientation – this is common in a society which encourages exploitation of the individual, who then seeks solace in affection and related comforts, such as eating, where the individual can only take and not give. Exploitative Orientation – the defence being the aggressive possession of goods, usually those of others. Examples being the plundering of goods in historical times, or in more modern times, those  nations that seek the territories and chattels of others. Productive Orientation – which donates love and tolerance towards others, and an acceptance of their freedom, with the ability to use this orientation to their advantage, without harming others. Hoarding Orientation – the ‘I want – I need’ society, based on material wealth. If one owns objects, then the individual can be seen, at least in his eyes, as clever and powerful. These individuals are threatened by the outside world and cannot share. Marketing Orientation – this is people copying or being influenced by the media and advertising by wearing the latest fashions. Individual personal qualities are redundant over what looks good. The individual sees themselves as a commodity to be bought and sold. Fromm added two further states: Necrophilous character- attracted to death Biophilous character – drawn to life. According to Fromm, gaining independence from one’s parents leads to a profound sense of loneliness and isolation, which the individual attempts to escape by establishing some type of bond with society through social conformity and submission to authority. By relating both Jung and Fromm’s work to our clients, they have made us aware of the client’s wider world or heritage into which he or she is born. Jung would argue that a Muslim woman may have low self-esteem and isolate herself from others, but these presenting issues are more down to the client’s collective consciousness than their childhood. In this case, Jung helps us as therapist to understand that the client’s neurosis may not arise from bad parenting, but from something primal based upon evolution within the individual. Fromm’s Socio- economic theories also provide us with insight of the client’s wider world, and how neurosis can arise due to external economic forces that dr ive the client’s neurosis in an exploitative and materialistic society that values things over the human existence. Both would argue that it is our environment rather than biology that constrains us, in the form of society and culture. For Jung and Fromm, in order to understand the client’s presenting issue, we must also understand their culture and the way in which they relate to the economic society into which they are born. An alternative view to Freud’s psychosexual development is that of the Behaviourist approach. Behaviourists believe that what is learned can be unlearned. Skinner built upon the work  of Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments (1927) and his use of dogs as subjects, and the Little Albert experiments of Watson and Rayner (1920). To further these experiments, Skinner (1938) designed a Puzzle box and, by using rats, he showed that by using both positive and negative reinforcements, he could change the behaviour of the rats, as their behaviour is affected by consequences. He called this Operant Conditioning to which he identified three responses: Neutral Operants: responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behaviour repeated. Reinforces: responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behaviour being repeated – this can be ether positive or negative Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Punishment weakens behaviour. Skinner concluded that there was a Law of Effect, and that by using reinforcement, behaviour tends to be repeated, while behaviour which is not reinforced tends to die out. As human beings, we often respond to verbal Operants by taking advice, listening to the warnings of others and by obeying given rules and laws. This helps us understand the development of children, as the feelings associated with behaviour are controlled by conditioning. If the child has been positively rewarded, then the child is more likely to repeat those behaviours happily and willingly, feeling that they are doing what they want to be doing. If on the other hand the child avoids these behaviours due to negative reinforcement, they will be inclined to feel that their freedoms are being repressed, resulting in feelings of negativity, which could led to depression or anxiety. The work of Skinner, Pavlov, Watson and Rayner has led to the development of different treatments, such as C ognitive behavioural therapy and talking therapy that will help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave, commonly used to treat anxiety, depression and phobias but can be useful for other mental and physical health problems. In conclusion, Freud’s work on psychosexual development does help us in part to understand a client’s presenting issue, by understanding that their behaviour may very well stem from how their parents handled the child’s psychosexual development. By accepting this assertion, it also helps us to understand that what we, as society, view as very disturbing or deviant behaviour can arise from childhood trauma. This allows the therapist, and society, to be more  compassionate to such clients. An example of this is that Freud stated that homosexuality is neither a sinful nor a criminal act, but rather a condition that arose from childhood biological and psychological factors, and was just a ‘variation of the sexual function’, and because of this is could not be treated by punishment or therapy, but should just be accepted. Freud’s work, as already discussed, is limited in understanding the client’s total world, however we must understand th at Freud’s work was the first of its kind in understanding human psychological development, and was written at a time when most adults probably were sexually repressed, as well as viewing homosexuality as sinful. The later work of others, including Jung and Fromm, built upon his work, to help us understand the client’s presenting issue in a wider context. They widened our worldly view of the client by demonstrating how neurosis of the individual may also arise due to internal factors of the collective consciousness, arising from cultural and social heritage, or by external factors, such as how the client relates to the economic environment into which they are born. The work of the behaviourists also helps us to understand that any negative social conditioning also plays its part in understanding the client’s presenting issue. As a final note, we must remember that it is the job of the therapist to use the work of others as a tool to understanding the client’s own world in order to get enough understanding of the client’s perspective in relation to their own presenting issue. This understanding helps facilitate the client in coming to their own conclusions as to how best to tackle their own presenting issue, either by managing their condition from the Freudian perspective, or helping them change their own perspective and/or behaviour, as argued by the behaviourists. Bibliography What Freud Really Said – David Stafford-Clark (1996) 1935 – Freud’s letter response to a mother asking him to treat her homosexual son. (1935) Handbook of Individual Therapy – Edited by Windy Dryden (1990) Counselling for Toads – Robert De Board (1998) McLeod, S.A (2008)

Introduction to Management

Louis Button is one of the most valuables brand in its category which is Luxury in goods. Its products includes of leather goods, handbags, trunks, shoes, watches, jewelry and accessories. Most of people adorned with the LB monogram which designed by well known designer and easily noticeable with simple live style as the idea. Louis Button with a brand Value of $28. 4 Billions in USED with a sales of $9. 4 Billions (Reuters, 2013). 3. Country Background Louis Button headquarters is located in Paris, they had open many outlets all around the world and Singapore have 3 big outlets and the latest which located inMarina Bay Sands that open unique â€Å"island† store that will â€Å"float† on the water. Singapore it's a developed country which also attract tourist from other countries to come to visit as a traveler as well as shopper. The three outlets can be found in Tasmania, ION and Marina Bay sands. 4. SOOT Analysts Soot analysis are the shorten words of Strength, Weakne sses, Opportunities and Threats. SOOT analysis are mainly used for a company to build their outlets/factory in overseas to extend their products and profits. 4. Strength Brand Value ( the brand is one of the oldest fashion houses with more than 150 ears) Easily recognizable (the logo and monogram) The brand has it own outlets in most of the large shopping center. Well known Designer Custom Tailored available for elite customers 4. 2 Weakness The Shops only available in exclusive stores making it difficult for developing countries The most expensive price compare to other competitors Rarely to give discounts to customers 4. 3 Opportunities The company needs to make new current fashion trends Large market for luxury goods Celebrity attractions Synergy between brands/merger 4. Threats Financial crisis Competitors Increased market for counterfeit products Resources are decreasing . PEST analysts 5. 1 Political and legal The anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (ACTA) aims to establish an d international legal framework for targeting counterfeit goods. Where as in Singapore has become one of the biggest shopping country in Asia, furthermore Singapore is a Bureaucratic country and extremely centralized, with 17% corporate tax, less tax regimes; investors are not subject to capital gains tax, dividend tax, and foreign exchange controls (Merger, 2013).On august 9 1965 Singapore became and independent nation and consistently increased their economy, by maintaining their productivity with a stable overspent and has severe laws in place and due to strict governance and associated fines less corruption, efficient and transparent government. Singapore has ranked the 1st in the global enabling trade index and 18 FAT with trading partners in their trade policy. Singapore itself have a strong economy statistics. It was recorded and the data shown as interest rate:O. 2%, Growth rate; 6. 90%, Jobless Rate 2. 10% and GAP per Capita $37,293 (Merger, 2013).This massive record shows that Singapore have strong basis economy in their government. Louis Button with a sales of 7. 2 billions in 012 were involved in Singapore Trade to GAP ratio of 270. 8%, and high dependency on global market trends and fluctuations in macro economy. Singapore citizen with excellent education and healthcare (Saurian C, 2013). Literacy rate of 92. 5% and a multitasking language where they lived as a multinational country that supports every citizens to speak 2 languages, as their mother tongue is Mandarin or English. A significant percentage of non-residents who lived in Singapore with a Gin coefficient index of 48. Shows that Singapore can easily adapt with foreign where the employee of the company can interact with customers behavior and promote their products relay on their cultures behavior and difference. In the last tens of years ago, technology in Singapore has a massive evolved of their needs. The growth of technology helps Louis Button to communicate with their headquarters, d ue the change of currency, products release, transactions and supports more efficient. Furthermore it give a huge impact for both companies and countries to safe their times to manage their needs.Whereas Singapore had become a developed country the change of technology to renew their materials use its not problem for them to follow the world trade business. 6. Porter's Analysis Porter's Five Forces Analysis 6. 1 Threat of New Entrants Low; Competitor : GUCCI, Yves Saint-Lauren, Channel, Bally. Jewelry; Montanan, Bulgaria, Carrier, Office Pannier. Even though LEVY have a strong many competitors Luxury goods, LEVY offer a strong and unique in their products such as; high quality products, well service for every customers and brand value.Furthermore, LEVY has no worries with their competitors they have a loyal customers who always bought the products and advertise to their friends, longstanding commitment to quality and Investment required would be extremely large for those who do busi nesses. Besides that for a new goods brands wont give an impact to LEVY (Dang, 2013). 6. 2 Bargaining Power's of Suppliers For a big company LEVY have a Suppliers and subcontractors are required to comply with strict environmental guidelines.Where LEVY needs lots of materials they will have many offers which the company produce the materials with the lowest deals and highest quality needs (Dang, 2013). 6. 3 Bargaining Powers of Customers With branded name and value customers had become the most loyal of companies buyers, from the experience that they ever had, has build the trust and set their mind become a loyal buyer. Fashion is a trend with a strong name LEVY has put their products into the top levels and Louis Button products are never on sale. 6. 4 Threats of Substitute Products High profile luxury goods LEVY brands have high quality products differentiations and believe. . 5 Rivalry Among Competitors Moderate; In every company will always have their own competitors in this cas e LEVY are working in Luxury industries in a big scale to have an competitors will always be a positive things to brought new ideas and trends, in fact competitors do not sell exactly same products and different brand value (Dang, 2013). To make LB more appealing to the consumers, some products of the brand can be made available only in small quantities, by limiting its production of certain products from time to time, or producing special edition of the same handbag in different markets.LB product could become even more premium, Create products for collection of limited editions, expend the trend by increasing the popularity by advertisement. Open their outlets store only in high end malls all around the world. To become more premium in their products LEVY may consider to concentrating its equines model to production of leather goods only becoming specialist in their interest. Louis Button is one of the leading fashion trends industries in the world which has significant every year .Louis Button will always have their loyal customers where they bought their new products, with a strong brand value LEVY has no worries with their competitors. On the other hand due the change of time they have to consider with their resources that year by years will decreased their materials. Louis Button shall put more concern on their weakness in both internal and external put them in the Geiger level of luxury goods market. They may consider to merge with other company in different products offer to increase and fasten their sales.

Alice Munro “The Shinning Houses” Essay

The Shinning Houses Alice Munro presents a protagonist whose personality and values conflict with her neighbours. The protagonist Mary is an open-minded, fair, but somewhat powerless character. Mary is an open-minded individual who understands values from both Mrs. Fullerton and the new community. She is the only character in the â€Å"Shinning Houses† willing to â€Å"[explore Mrs. Fullerton’s] life as she had once explored the lives of grandmothers and aunts,† and the only one who buys her fresh eggs. Mary â€Å"[smiles]† openly to everyone while her new neighbours, whose â€Å"faces [are] applied,† â€Å"smile in rather a special way† that they only perceive Mary â€Å"as a conversational delight.† Even at the birthday party did Mary keep a smile and listen to the new neighbours talk among themselves, going about in â€Å"circles of complaint.† Mary’s own personality and values conflict with her neighbours’, but she remains open to any situation she faces. Mary is a fair lady, who does what she believes is right. Her name suggests religious allegory with Mary, the Mother of God, and human creation. Mary exhibits her Mother-like qualities at the birthday party, defending Mrs. Fullerton, the neighbour who â€Å"never [changes],† against the mothers who wear â€Å"nylons and skirts,†Ã‚ ¦[their] hair fixed and faces applied.† She knows that Mrs. Fullerton deserves a chance to stay in her home, as Mary, the Mother of God knows that all creation deserves a chance to live. Mary’s fair personality conflicts with her neighbours’ values and beliefs: while she is fair to human rights, the neighbours are fair to their community of â€Å"shinning houses.† Although Mary is courageous in being the only person to defend Mrs. Fullerton, she is somewhat powerless with her arguments against her neighbours. Mary stands alone only listening to her neighbours speak with â€Å"self-assertion.† She remains power less with â€Å"no argument† to defend Mrs. Fullerton and her â€Å"barn.† Outnumbered by â€Å"property-owners† who admire each other â€Å"as people admire each other for being drunk,† Mary is scared to tell her neighbours that â€Å"[Mrs. Fullerton has] been here for a long time.† She tells them anyway because she is compassionate toward Mrs. Fullerton†Mary is the only one who understands that â€Å"her place had become fixed, impregnable, all its accumulations necessary† down to the last  Ã¢â‚¬Å"stacks of old police magazines.† These neighbours however, do not care for compassion. They care for their children and community. Mary’s compassion, her only argument, fails to win support from the neighbours, creating more conflict in values with these neighbours â€Å"who win.† Mary faces a difficult situation in which both sides (neighbours and herself) are correct. Her open-mindedness, fairness, and powerlessness are traits whish create conflict in the â€Å"Shinn ing Houses.† Mary remains unheard, and there is nothing she can do but keep a â€Å"disaffected heart.†

What Factors Contribute to a Successful Computer-Based After-School Dissertation

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DPB Portfolio - Coursework Example es in International Context, Project, English Language Grade 6, Business Communication 3, International Marketing and Export Trade, International Trade: Payments and Law While studying BA (Hons) International trade and business communication at the University of Portsmouth, I describe the skills I learnt through the course as having given me a thorough grounding in various subjects I wished that I was interested in and wished to specializes or practice later in life. From, the first year I was introduced to the numerous problems or challenges faced by individuals in the business world. Moreover, the skills which were imparted through the course enabled me to develop an idea of how to solve the different challenges that came along the way. At the end of the course I was able to achieve a consolidation of my study through numerous aspects like personal studies and research. Moreover, the business skills which I learned also have opened other opportunities to study a wide range of subjects like those falling in the faculty of humanity and social sciences. I achieved the task of acquiring the skills I have today through am intense process of dedication and hard work in my studies. Being that the University of Portsmouth has entry levels, I studied heartily to pass my GSCE levels at Bay House School, Gosport with ten passes as between the grades A-B. After that I joined St. Vincent College for my A levels and passed with flying colors to be admitted at the university of Portsmouth which imparted me with the skills of accounting, marketing, business law, human resources, management dissertations, consumer led demand and other primary skills which has greatly played a significant role in my studies and career to date. At ST. Vincent College and in taking my BA (Hons) at Portsmouth University I reflect on various learning points which changed my views of what I would do when provided with another chance to pursue the same courses at the institutions. With flying

History in Distributed Databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History in Distributed Databases - Essay Example In this scenario, a distributed database design allows the organizations to divide a database over different hardware devices, but with a central management control. The basic purpose of implementing distributed databases is to offer higher reliability and superior performance. Without a doubt, the division of a database into multiple locations can provide a number of advantages to organizations (Holmes; Hoffer, Prescott and McFadden). Additionally, this way of data storage offers superior control over particular data. In this scenario, the load of the database management is divided among several hardware devices and burden of processing is shifted from a single location to multiple locations. Normally, a distributed database is developed on the basis of business departments, or geographical areas or companies. In view of the fact that the database appears at local location to each business department inside an organization hence it offers quicker response times for the database user s. In addition, these departments are also smaller as compared to the size of the overall organization, as a result the processing load over the server also reduces. The research has shown that the majority of organizations prefers to develop distinct business sectors for particular tasks. For instance, organizations can develop different organizational units for human resources, accounting, and sales departments. Moreover, they develop a distributed database to assist in running the operations of particular business units all the way through the company, at the same time as establishing and maintaining authority from a central server. This technique is also useful in separating the data and hardware all the way through the organization, as a result the performance and control over the database also improves (Holmes; Hoffer, Prescott and McFadden). Though, the distributed databases require the development of database using all the traditional techniques of database development excep t they are based on a different perspective. They are being developed to get the advantages of central access by company head office, at the same time as supporting local access for particular company sectors. In this scenario, this database design technique is very useful for organizations that are distributed all over the world. Additionally, these databases are also used by the companies that support multiple portfolios. For instance, a number of industries such as hospitality, manufacturing and banking can take benefits from the implementation of distributed databases. In addition, a distributed database can also be useful in supporting an organization in their accounting unit. Moreover, an international organization that has several offices in various countries of the world can normally develop a distributed database to support its business operations in each country. In this scenario, this division of geographical areas would allow the local country to get access to data and p erform operations faster. Also, the organization would be able to use the central database to get access to data available in each country without having an impact on local application. Without a doubt, distributed databases offer superior reliability and flexibility for the organizations. In view of the fact that the data is located on different servers, hence it can straightforwardly be copied onto new hardware devices and database structures all the way thro

ART of Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ART of Architecture - Essay Example and provide a brief explanation about what makes this place appears to be quite special, â€Å"The Grand Army Plaza† located in Brooklyn, US has been taken into concern for discussion. â€Å"The Grand Army Plaza† can be apparently observed as a monument type, which was founded in the year 1916. It was a great experience to visit this monument and also the place wherein it is located, as these resemble uniform culture along with heritage including ethical considerations (New York Architecture, n.d.). The following pictorial illustration provides a brief idea about the aforesaid monument: Based on the above analysis, it can be affirmed that the factors including concreteness, specificity and definiteness play an imperative role in holding as well as arousing the attention of the viewers to visit a particular place or any historical place for gaining a brief knowledge about a specific subject matter. It is worth mentioning that apart from playing the above discussed role, the three constituents mentioned above also support in determining the effectiveness or the attractions of the historical places in the context of delivering quality works for the visitors with adequate understanding of different facts relating to conceptions and emotions among others. From a logical and future perspective, it can be apparently observed that the historical monument â€Å"The Grand Army Plaza† has been designed by taking into concern varied artifacts and geometries with the intention of attracting the viewers and most vitally to mark a sign of excellence as well as ethnicity am id the Americans and also the viewers worldwide. Thus, it will be vital to mention that better logical and most vitally appropriate incorporation of the above stated constituents will eradicate all complexities and help in delivering works with utmost quality (Strunk & White, 2014; New York Architecture, n.d.). Therefore, from the above analysis and discussion, it can be affirmed from a broader understanding

Mixture and a compound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mixture and a compound - Essay Example Explanation following electrons transfer between the donor and receptor atoms that form cations and anions is also given. Documentation of covalent bonds, their formation details and types, polar and non polar, covalent bonds are briefly mentioned with some examples given. It also expresses how covalent bonds form between atoms of a molecule in a single and from different elements. Keywords: Mixtures, Compound, Element, Substance, Cation, Anion, Atoms, Molecules, Bonding, Covalent Bonds, Ionic Bond, Shared Electrons, Electron, Properties A mixture is a matter of impure substances made of either two or more homogenous pure substances (compounds or elements), brought together physically (Syamal, 2007). The components inside a mixture at a single moment vary relatively; hence, they are not fixed. The key properties of mixtures are that they don’t have fixed properties and that no new substance is formed in the combination; reason being that their property is dependent on combinat ion fraction and nature of the constituents where properties of constituents are similar to those of the mixture. Just as it is formed, its constituents can also be split by physical methods like sedimentation, decantation, distillation and chromatography among others. On the contrary, compounds are pure substances, consisting of two or more components, just like mixtures, but chemically merged together to create a new substance with different properties from its constituents. At any single moment the components of a compound exist in fixed ratios. They have fixed properties without having to rely on constituents’ properties. Its constituents can be split through chemical reactions and not physical methods. Components of a compound are held together by strong covalent bonds unlike in mixtures, whose components are held loosely by weak forces. Elements and compounds are pure substances, but unlike compounds, elements cannot be split further. According to Stoker ( 2012, p.16) à ¢â‚¬Å"a pure substance can be classified as either an element or a compound on the basis of whether it can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical means.† In the event where compounds are heated or broken down, it produces simpler substances that had been used to create it. An element consists of atoms of a homogeneous type that are kept close together by bonds. There exist a hundred and seventeen recognized elements where less than thirty of them, have been developed in the laboratory by bombard smaller units with naturally occurring elements. However, they are radioactive and can easily revert back into their natural existing elements. When a pure substance is broken down, and there exist presence of hetero-atomic molecules, then the substance is a compound since the atoms are different indicating presence of different elements. Elements contain mono-atomic molecules. In chemistry, litmus papers have been used to test the presence of acids and bases wh ich are compounds. While reviewing a sample, qualitative analysis reveals whether it is an element or a compound present in the sample. Examples are electrophoresis used in DNA pattern identification, chemical tests and X Ray Crystallography. Ionic bonds forms mostly between metals and non metals (cations that are positively charged and anions that hold a negative charge). Metals will always react to loose free electrons in the outer shell while non metals gain them. These types of bonds are very

Business Law - Evaluation of Labor and Employment Law for a Company Essay

Business Law - Evaluation of Labor and Employment Law for a Company - Essay Example This proposal was put in use on 5th February, 1993 by President Bill Clinton in his first term of service and after six months, it was implemented. The Act requires employers to have an equal weight in family issues, work, obligations and protection to its workers (United States Department of Labor 5th February 1993). An estimation of 94.4 of 141.7 million workers in United States worked at Family and medical leave act work places with only 76.1 million employees allowed for the leave in year 2007. In year 2008, the proportion of small employers and large employers offering Family and Medical Act coverage was 79% and 82% respectively. Therefore, there was no statistical difference between the employers. For an employee to qualify for the Family and Medical Leave Act mandate, he or she must have worked for that the employer for more than twelve months and a minimum of 1250 hours within the period. The worker should also have worked for a business with not less than 50 employees and within the worksite, a radius of 75 miles. He or she could also be considered if he worked public agency. The family and medical leave act mandate unpaid leave to employees to care for a new child, whether born or adopted or even placement of a child in foster care. In our case, company x has more than 75 employees and Family and Medical Leave Act requires a minimum of 50 employees. The first situation, the employees are given 11 months leaved by the employer and after the period he asks for his return. This is what is mandated by the Family and Medical Leave Act. The Manager is decidedly right to return him to the previous job at the previous rate of pay because the worker has been an employee in the company for two years. He is also right to deny him the 11 months salary as per the Act. Older workers have problems in retaining their job due to rising productivity and affluence when

The Project DB Essay Example for Free

The Project DB Essay Project Planning entails a lot of complexities most especially when the project at hand is quite complicated and limited in nature particularly in time constraints. Nevertheless, there are specific tools designed to facilitate manageable and easy project planning possible. Such tools may be classified according to the nature of the project handled. For small to medium sized projects, tools such as Gantt Charts, Critical Path Analysis, Program Evaluation Technique (PERT), and Planning Cycle may be used. While planning large projects may employ the use of the tools such as Planning Management Methodologies, Stakeholder Analysis, and Stakeholder Management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among these, the commonly used are the Gantt Charts, Critical Path Analysis, and PERT. All these three requires Work Breakdown Structure. Gantt chart (designed by Henry Gantt) is very useful in the sense that it is much easier to construct and understand. The activity in relationship to time is immediately obvious unlike the other tools. Its value is easily recognized as it is less complex to look at. While Critical Path Analysis or CPM and PERT are both powerful tools, the first one identifies which tasks should be done on time to complete the project on time, at the same time, identifies which tasks can afford to have delay yet still completing the project on time. Thus, CPM identifies the shortest possible time to complete the project, the resources needed, and the most efficient way of shortening the time. PERT is a slight modification on CPM. It makes use of quite skeptical view of time for each project stage. The optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely time is indeed helpful to prevent biases from unrealistically short time-scales assumptions. Hence, in my own point of view, I personally prefer to use CPM since it has a lot of advantages over the others considering that it can present the early and late completion of the project with respect to the time allotted to complete the project.    Works Cited Page    Project Planning Management Tools. 15 July 2008. Mind Tools Affiliate Program. 03 Aug. 2008. http://www.mindtools.com/critpath.html

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing (ABC)

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing (ABC) In this report I will attempt to discover whether it is feasible as a company to change the Traditional methods of costing we currently use to the more modern Activity Based Costing methods, looking at the benefits and drawbacks of changing and whether it is worth implementing these new costing methods to our company as a whole. Introduction / Background As a small local engineering firm we currently use the Traditional costing method where we apportion Production overheads on the basis of direct labour hours. Does this give a fair and accurate representation of the true cost of expenditure each product consumes or should we as a company convert to the Activity Based Costing system or ABC as I will refer to it from here in, where we first assigns costs to the activities that are the real cause of the overhead and then assign the cost of those activities only to the products that are actually demanding the activities. Would this give a fair and more realistic look at the way we cost jobs. In this report I will look at both methods and determine whether we as a company should change the way we cost our jobs and if we do change to the ABC method of costing, what the conditions are of implementing this to us. Traditional Costing Methods Currently we adopt the more traditional way of apportioning our production overheads which involves the overhead rate being calculated using direct labour hours, machine hours, or units, in our case using direct labour hours. The advantages of using this system are: Simplicity the calculation of overhead rates is relatively straightforward; They are widely understood in business; They are not expensive to operate; Until the late 1980s they were seen as fairly accurate; They are still being used after many decades. The weaknesses of traditional costing systems are: Their reliance on arbitrary rather than cause-and-effect allocation of overheads; Their inability to give accurate product costs in multiproduct companies; Their failure to analyze non-manufacturing costs. (Traditional costing system. A Dictionary of Business and Management. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 19 Nov. 2010 . ) Currently using the traditional method of cost accounting we are allocating the factorys indirect costs to the items manufactured on the basis of direct labour hours, By using only labour hours to allocate the manufacturing overhead to products, we are implying that the labour hours are the underlying cause of the factory overhead. Traditionally, that may have been sufficient for the companys external financial statements. However, in recent decades the manufacturing overhead has been caused by many other factors. For example, some customers are likely to demand additional manufacturing operations for their products. Other customers simply want great quantities of product. If we want to know the true cost to produce specific products for specific customers, the traditional method of cost accounting is inadequate. ABC was developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional method. Instead of just one costing such as labour hours, ABC will use many costings to allocate our indirect costs. A few of the costings that would be used under ABC include the number of machine setups, the pounds of material purchased or used, the number of engineering change orders, the number of machine hours, and so on. So do we continue to use this system because it is simple to use and has been used for decades or do we want a more accurate analysis and breakdown of the way we allocate costs. Activity Based Costing (ABC) Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is an Information System developed in the 1980s to overcome some of the limitations of traditional cost accounting and to enhance its usefulness to strategic decision-making. ABC systems are designed and implemented on the premise that products consume activities, activities consume resources and resources consume costs (Sprow, 1992). ABC systems assign costs to activities based on their consumption of resources, and then activity costs are assigned to products or services in proportion to a selected measure of their individual workloads (Anderson, 1993; p. 7). ABC systems examine all processes (or activities) that are actually relevant to the production of a product and attempt to determine exactly what portion of each resource is consumed i.e. which activity a particular product uses. (M. Gupta, K. Galloway / Technovation 23 (2003) 131-138) Why the need for ABC, you may ask; Nowadays managers are facing global competition and increased productivity in new manufacturing environments. Companies attempt to become customer focused and concentrate on quality products at competitive prices. Under these circumstances, many firms are interested in determining various costs more accurately with the objective to integrate manufacturing and marketing strategies. Various costing systems are used to provide an increased accuracy about product costs, product mix, pricing and other investment decision- makings. Some experiences reveal that the distortion in reported product costs and, in turn, product pricing could be reduced by using activity-based costing (ABC) (A. Gunasekaran, M. Sarhadil Int. J. Production Economics 56-57 (1998) 231-242) What are the benefits then of this new and modern way of costing, is it really the way forward for us. It wont eliminate costs but it will give us detailed information about the way we are consuming them, thus helping us to isolate problem areas with the view to rectifying why the costs are so high in these areas. ABC costing is a good tool where different customers require different needs. Its an unwritten rule respected by many in the business world that you generally treat your best customers the best. The problem is, do you really know who your best customers are, or do you think you know? The majority of business people have the false perception that the best customer is the one that accounts for the largest portion of your income every year. This is not always the case for the simple reason that the same customer may be responsible for the biggest part of your expenses also. Studies have shown that 20% of all customers virtually provide all the profits of a company. Another 60% break even and the remaining 20% only reduce the bottom line. Wouldnt it be nice if you had the names of that 20% of headache-inducing customers that are literally more trouble than theyre worth? To determine how much a customer is costing you, you must first identify the activities that relate to each customer and determine the total cost absorbed by those activities. These activities or c ost drivers should be considered then to measure the level of activity absorbed by each customer. The ultimate purpose of implementing ABC is to separate these activities into individual cost drivers. Then, all you have to do is measure each customers participation in the specific cost. (The ABC Portal is  © 2002 Offtech Computing Pty Ltd.) So with our customers needs being different in terms of specific shelters and designs we could cost jobs more accurately to each customer. Looking at the draw backs to the ABC costing system, we would have to take into account the data collection process for this new system could prove to be very time consuming along with the capital expenditure on this new system and its subsequent running costs. Employee resistance must also be taken into account. This is a major obstacle in implementation of an ABC system. Such resistance is natural as the most common objective is to give a reduction in overhead costs, and in almost all circumstances this could result in a reduction in personnel. So to break it down the advantages and disadvantages of ABC are; The main advantages: Assesses costs of individual activities, based on their use of resources Enables accurate costing of all activities to be obtained throughout an organisation. Easy to identify where high (and low) costs are being incurred and the cause. A valuable tool for both business and process improvement Helps with future product planning e.g. the cost of all activities associated with a product or service can be accurately determined before it is launched. This can then help with determining pricing, and any associated expenditure. Disadvantages include: It may be difficult to set up and establish, particularly if an organisation is using more traditional accounting methodologies. (barriers to change) Can be time consuming if all activities are to be costed May provide too much detail obscuring the bigger picture. Can lead to employee and possible management disharmony.

EEG-Based Processing Approach for Pain Detection

EEG-Based Processing Approach for Pain Detection Abstract-To detect the pain based on EEG signals variability, several efforts has been made but no promising result has been achieved yet. In this study, we propose different features to classify pan. EEG signals of 28 healthy volunteers were recorded continuously while they experience pain through the known ice-water paradigm. To access the de-correlated EEG sources, Independent Component Analysis(ICA) scheme was used. Among them, the artifact and noise sources were removed and therefore pain dependent sources were determined and projected back. Before the classification, some features were extracted from the EEG signal. To select the best features, sequential forward selection (SFS) was applied which also eliminates the redundancy. The classification results provide 89% , 90% and 94% accuracy when one nearest neighbor (1NN), 3NN and support vector machine (SVM) were used, respectively. Keywords: EEG sources, pain dependent features, entropy, feature selection. Introduction Backonja et al. [1] proposed an ice-water bath as a gradual painful stimulus, termed as the cold presser test (CPT). in this study, CPT is applied as the pain inducing paradigm. Some studies, inveatigated the changes during pain. The result of some previous studies[2-5] was reported as an increase in the Delta and Beta bands and a decrease in the Alpha band during pain. In another study, a tonic pain stimulus [6] increased the power of Delta, Beta-III and Gamma bands and decreased the Theta, Alpha-I and Alpha-II band powers. Intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline increases the Beta power[7]. In another research, inducing Capsaicin caused no significant change in the EEG bands. Another study implied changes of Alpha band activities interact in pain-perception process [8]. In another research, two levels of pain were classified by NaÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes classifier which produces 86.3 ±8.4% classification accuracy [21]. In a different approach, fMRI images of the participants brain were observed while they were experiencing pain by heat induction which resulted in 94% accuracy [9]. The most repeated findings of these studies is a general increase in the power of Beta band simultaneous to a decrease in the Alpha band with a possible coherence increases across different bands, as the brain response to pain. In Section 2, the data recording and the preprocessing are explained; In Section 3, the methods are described in detail; in Section 4, the results are presented. Section 5 concludes the results. Data Recording and Preprocessing 2.1. Data Recording For recording EEG signals, 30 electrodes were used by Scanlt EEG recording system. A cap based on 10-20 electrode placement system was used for recording. The impedance of all electrodes was less than 5 kilo ohms. The sampling rate was adjusted at 250 hertz and a bandpass filter with cut-off frequencies adjusted in 0.5 and 47 hertz was implemented to the signal. In previous studies, laser, cuff pressure, hot/ice water, Electrocutaneous stimulation [10]-[13], have been used to induce pain. In this study, the ice-water (also called CPT) was selected to have minimum side-effect. The recording procedure took place in a quiet room. First, to achieve a baseline recording for each volunteer, a 30 second EEG signal were recorded in the resting position, which is called no-pain class. Then, by putting their hand in the cold water (1.7 ±0.2centigrad) after a while, they reported the pain. The recording continues till the tolerating time for each subject. With respect to the fact of artifacts presence in the EEG signals and to record the noises with higher quality, some electrodes on the face muscles were put to detect EMG artifacts. Also, EOG is one of the other artifact sources in EEG. 2.2. EEG Artifacts Eliminating Principal component analysis (PCA) and regression methods[14] are the methods used for eliminating the EEG artifacts such as muscle artifacts and eye artifacts. Also ICA has been introduced more effective for decomposing the recorded signals into uncorrelated sources [14] which is applied here to remove the EEG artifacts. 2.2.1. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) The components x i {displaystyle x_{i}} of the observed random vector x = ( x 1 , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , x m ) T {displaystyle x=(x_{1},ldots ,x_{m})^{T}} are generated as a sum of the independent components s k {displaystyle s_{k}} x i = a i , 1 s 1 + à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¯ + a i , k s k + à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¯ + a i , n s n {displaystyle x_{i}=a_{i,1}s_{1}+cdots +a_{i,k}s_{k}+cdots +a_{i,n}s_{n}} weighted by the mixing weights a i , k {displaystyle a_{i,k}} [15]: X= AS (1) Where S is sources vector, X is the recorded signals (EEGs) matrix. To calculate its inverse or pseudo-inverse, termed as W, the equation(3) is used: S =WX, where W=A-1 (2) 2.2.2. EOG Artifact To remove the most important EEG artifacts, which are EOG and EMG artifacts, the similar process was done. As the Fp1 channel is the most contained EEG channel, the correlation of this channel with all determined sources, was calculated Eq.4 is the correlation formula. If the value exceeded 0.7, the corresponding source was selected as the suspicious EOG source[16]. (3) Where Ri is the correlation of the ith source with the recorded signal at Fp1. Fig.1 shows the spectral map of the determined EOG source which is mostly on foreahed space. Shanon Entropy (4) Fractal Dimension L(k)= (5) Fig. 1. Spectral map of EOG component 2.2.3. EMG Artifacts To remove the EMG artifacts, the correlation of all sources with the frontalis and temporalis channels were computed and the ones which were more than 0.7 were considered as the probable EMG sources. Commonly, EMG sources have higher power at high frequencies. Therefore, to precisely detect EMG sources, in addition to the correlation criterion, their brain map were investigated[17]. The scalp map and power spectrum of one of the detected EMG artifacts is shown in Fig. 2. (b) Fig. 2. An EMG source (a)Scalp map,(b) Activity Power Spectral Methods This study is started from the data acquisition part in which 28 healthy subjects participated. We record their EEG signals through the resting condition (without imposing any pain stimulus) and pain condition. Due to the presence of artifact and noise in the recorded signals, we apply independent component analysis (ICA) to EEG in order to remove the effect of electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG) and movement artifacts. Non-artifact sources were projected back to electrode space and various features were extracted from them. To remove the redundancy and increasing the discriminability, an approach for selecting discriminative ones, Sequential Forward Selection(SFS) was applied. The candidate classifiers were support vector machine (SVM) and one nearest neighbor (1NN). 3.1. Features The features used in this research are as follows; band power of the pain sources in five bands (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma), fractal dimension, Shannon entropy, approximate entropy and spectral entropy. As a brief description to the features, Five frequency bands including Delta (0-4 Hz), Theta (4-8 Hz), Alpha (8-13 Hz), Beta (13-30 Hz), and Gamma (>30Hz) were elicited for each time frame, from each channel. [17]. Shannon entropy [18] measures the amount of irregularity in a distribution. Fractal dimensionmeasures the irregularity or roughness of a signal in a time frame[19]. The table below, demonstrates the brief procedure of calculating the features. Where P()are the probabilities occurred in the ith bin. is thethe average length, L(k) is the average length. 3.2. Feature selection The high number of features extracted in this study, from 30 channels within each time frame caused a high amount of redundancy. Search strategies need an objective function to select the suitable subset of features. This objective function is usually a statistical/ information/distance based criterion or the classifiers feedback, which are called filter and wrapper, respectively. Filter methods are fast and does not bias to the classifier type, while wrapper methods usually provide better results at high computational complexity cost. 3.2.1. Sequential Forward Selection (SFS) Sequential forward selection mechanism starts with empty set of features and repeatedly adds the most significant features to reach the criterion[20]. Here the criterion is selected as the classification accuracy with the objective of SFS selects the most discriminative algorithm. 3.3. Classifiers Two well-known classifiers, 1-NN and SVM, were used in this study. 1-NN is a local and nonlinear classifier, which is proper for classifying multimodal distributed samples[41]. From another angle, SVM with a suitable kernel is capable of classifying samples of two classes with overlap, which provides a great generalization property[21]. 3.4. Classification Investigating brain map through CPT gives us valuable information about the classification possibility. Two frequency ranges, centered at 2Hz (Delta) and 9.8Hz (Alpha), are observed as the most pain dependent features [3]-[5],[8],[22],[23]. The average brain map over all the subjects, in the Delta (Fig. 3) and Alpha (Fig. 4) bands, are exhibited in pain and no pain class. a b Fig. 3. The average brain map of subjects at 2Hz (Delta band): a) Non-pain, b) pain a b Fig. 4. The average brain map of subjects at 9.8Hz (Alpha band): a) Non-pain, b)pain Fig. 3 illustrates an increase in the power of Delta band by feeling the pain, which changes the activity focus region from top to the right hemisphere. These findings were previously reported [3]-[5], [23]. In contrast, by feeling more pain, the power of Alpha band is decreased in the frontal lobe and increased in occipital lobes, as shown in Fig. 4, which is as the results obtained in former studies [3]-[5], [8], [22]-[23]. It is noted that the base of the classifier was just built up according to the detected differences on the spatial distribution of these two band power features. To use the other EEG features and find a discriminate subset of features, SFS was run. Therefore, by adding the other features, which were selected by SFS, it was expected to achieve a higher classification accuracy. Results EEG signals from 30 electrodes were recorded and then EOG and EMG artifacts were removed by the ICA method, described in Section 2. Through the preprocessing, EMG or EOG sources and the sources caused by the bad connection of an electrode on the scalp, was projected outward of the brain. The base of the classifier was just established upon the significant changes in the spatial distribution of band power features through feeling pain (Fig. 4). since reality is that applying just the selected band power features does not provide convincing results, the structure while considering the other features was proposed. The results of pain classification by the proposed structure and those band power features, which were selected through visual inspection, is shown in Table I. For now and on, all of the presented classification results in this paper is achieved by ten-times ten-folds cross validation was executed for the cross validation phase. The classification accuracies are illustrated in Table IV, once SVM was considered for all nodes and the other time 1-NN classifier was assigned. Table I. The pain classification results of only the selected band power features Classification 1-NN 3-NN SVM Pain Versus Non-pain 68 66 54 Table II shows the classification accuracies achieved by applying svm to the features that is introduced as the discriminative ones in previous studies [6]-[8], [10], [23]-[24]. Table II. The comparative results of pain and non-pain classification by applying the previous suggested features[6]-[8], [10], [23]-[24]. Suggested Band Power Features in the Previous Studies Classification Accuracy (%) Alpha band 65 Beta and Alpha bands 61 Delta and Alpha and Beta bands 68 Theta and Alpha bands 57 Delta and Beta bands 61 Alpha and Gamma bands 62 Delta, Beta and Alpha Gamma bands 59 These numerous features, in each time frame, were concatenated into successive feature vectors and therefore the classifiers were encountered with high-dimensional vectors. To remove the redundancy and customize an optimized subset of features , SFS was adopted, to select the pain dependent features and therefore improve the final results. Nevertheless, while using wrapper method, the selected feature set depends on the classifier, the selected subsets of features are not necessary equal for SVM and 1-NN. SFS was run for each classifier separately. Also, since the test and train sets are changed through different folds, the selected features in different validation folds are not identical. As all of the reports which use wrapper approach, to demonstrate the list of selected features, the common features through folds were reported. The selected features by SFS at each node are listed in Table III. and for deploying SVM at all nodes presented and the 1NN features are listed in Table IV. Table III. The selected features by SFS for SVM and 1-NN Classifier List of the selected features SVM Alpha, Delta, Beta and Gamma bands, Shannon entropy, and fractal dimension K-NN Alpha, Delta, Beta bands and Shannon entropy The achieved classification results by applying the EEG features, customized using SFS, are illustrated in Table VI. Table VI. Classification accuracy of the pain Accuracy (%) Classifier Stage 94 SVM Pain vs. Non-Pain 89 1-NN 90 3-NN As it is stated the list of selected features depends on the type of classifier. Discussion EEG signals is the only non-invasive physiological-base measuring data that quantitatively records the brain activity. Also, the research in pain measurement is still in the beginning compared to other applications such as speech processing. As it is mentioned, among the artifact removal schemes such as regression with PCA, adaptive filter and match filter, the best known method is still ICA. It provides this opportunity to eliminate different noise and artifact roots in the ICA space, where all of the sources were statistically independent. Some constraints were considered to assure us that the suspicious noisy sources were correctly selected. In other words, the variation of spatial distribution of the Delta and Alpha bands are visualized by brain map images through the time and this variation was translated into a succesfull classification. We tried to select informative features to reveal the pain changes as highlight as possible. In this regard, instead of eliciting features from the correlated EEG signals on the scalp electrodes, variety of the known features were extracted from the pain dependent EEG source signals. Moreover, instead of ad-hoc methods, a heuristic search strategy, called as SFS, was employed to automatically select the suitable features. The high classification result demnstarates the propriety of the whole process. References [1] C.S. Cleeland, Y. Nakamura, E.W. Howland, N. R. Morgan, B. A. Edwards, M. Backonja, Effects of oral morphine on cold pressor tolerance time and neuropsychological performance, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 15, pp. 252-262, 1996. [2] A.C.N. Chen, P. Rappelsberger, Brain and Human Pain: Topographic EEG Amplitude and Coherence Mapping, Brain Topography, vol. 7, pp.196-205, 1994. [3] A.C.N. Chen, P. Rappelsberger, O. Filz, Topology of EEG Coherence Changes May Reflect Differential Neural Network Activation in Cold and Pain Perception, Brain Topography, vol. 11 , pp. 125-132 , 1998. [4] S. Ferracuti, S. Seri , D. Mattia , G. Cruccu, Quantitative EEG modifications during the cold water pressor test: hemispheric and hand differences, Int. Journal of Psychophysiology, vol. 17, pp.261-268, 1992. [5] A.C.N. Chen, S.F. Dworkin, J. Haug, J. Gehrig, Topographic brain measures of human pain and pain responsivity, Pain, vol. 37 , pp.129-140, 1989. [6] P. Veerasarn, C.S.Stohler, The effect of experimental muscle pain on the background electrical brain activity, Pain, vol. 49 , pp.349-360, 1992. [7] P.-F Chang, L. Arendt-Nielsen, T. Graven-Nielsen, P. Svensson, A.C.N. Chen, Topographic effects of tonic cutaneious nociceptive stimulation on human electroencephalograph, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 35 , pp. 49-52, 2001. [8] W. Penga, C. Babiloni, Y. Maod, Y. Hua, Subjective pain perception mediated by alpha rhythms, Biological Psychology , vol. 109 ,pp. 141-150, 2015. [9] T. Wager, L. Atlas, M. Lindquist, M. Roy, C. Woo, E. Kross. An fMRI-Based Neurologic Signatureof Physical Pain, The new england journal of medicine, vol. 368, pp. 1388-1397, 2013. [10] E. Schulz , A. Zherdin , L. Tiemann, C. Plant , M. Ploner , Decoding an individuals sensitivity to pain from the multivariate analysis of EEG data, Cereb Cortex, vol. 22, pp. 18-23, 2012. [11] P, Ravn , R. Frederiksen , A. Skovsen , LL. Christrup , Mu. Werner , Prediction of pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers, Journal of Pain Research, vol. 5, pp. 326-313, Aug. 2012. [12] S. Walter, S. Gruss, K. Limbrecht-Ecklundt, H. C. Traue, P. Werner, A. Al-Hamadi, N. Diniz, G. Moreira da Silva, A. O. Andrade Automatic pain quantification using autonomic parameters, Psychology Neuroscience, vol. 7 , pp.363-380, Nov. 2014. [13] S.Gruss , R.Treister , P.Werner , S .Crawcour , A .Andrade , S .Walter ,Pain Intensity recognition Rates via Biopotential Feature Patterns with Support Vector Machines, Biopotential Pattern of Pain via Machine Learning, vol. 10, oct. 2015. [14] S. Makeig, AJ. Bell, T-P. Jung, TJ.Sejnowski, Independent component analysis of electroencephalographic data, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 8 , pp.145-151, 1996. [15] Sheng-Hsiou Hsu, Tim R. Mullen, Tzyy-Ping Jung, Gert Cauwenberghs, Real-Time Adaptive EEG Source Separation Using Online recursive Independent Component Analysis, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, vol. 24, 3, March 2016. [16] T.Jung, S.Makeig, C.Humphries, T.Martin, J. Vicente , T.Sejnowski, Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation, Psychophysiology, vol. 37 , pp. 163-178, 2000. [17] F.Ghassemi, Independent Component Analysis of ERP for levelingVisual Sustained Attention, Amirkabir University of Technology , 2007. [18] I. A. Rezek, S. J. Roberts, Stochastic complexity measures for [33] D. Aba ´solo1, R. Hornero1, P. Espino, D. A ´ lvarez1, J.Poza, Entropy analysis of the EEG background activity in Alzheimers disease patients, Physiol Meas, vol.27, pp.241-253, 2006. [19]M. Sabeti, S. Katebi, R.Boostani, Entropy and complexity measures for EEG signal classification of schizophrenic and control participants, Elsevier Journal of Artificial intelligence in medicine, vol. 47 , pp.263-274, , 2009. [20] S. Enshaeifar, S. Kouchaki, C. Cheong Took, and S. Sanei, Quaternion Singular Spectrum Analysis of Electroencephalogram with Application in Sleep Analysis, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. Vol. 24, 1, Jan. 2016. [21] M. Gram, C. Graversen, S.S. Olesen, A.M. Drewes, Dynamic spectral indices of the electroencephalogram provide new insights into tonic pain. Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 126, pp. 763-771, April 2015. [22] M. Huber , J. Bartling, D. Pachur, S.Woikowsky, S. Lautenbacher, EEG responses to tonic heat pain, Exp Brain Res, vol. 173, pp. 14-24, 2006. [23] R. Dowman, D. Rissacher, S. Schuckers, EEG indices of tonic pain-related activity in the somatosensory cortices,See comment in PubMed Commons belowClinical Neurophysiology, vol. 119 , pp. 1201-1212 , 2008.

The Usefulness of Financial Statements Essay -- GCSE Business Marketin

The Usefulness of Financial Statements The primary means of communicating the financial effects of organizational activities and transactions of a company to outsiders is the financial reporting system. This reporting system includes communicating financial information through annual financial statements, as well as through reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, voluntary forecasts, and other financial and nonfinancial releases. Financial statements are the main source of financial information conveyed to parties external to the company. The full set of primary financial statements consists of a balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. External financial statements have a general purpose and are designed to meet the needs of investors, creditors, and other users of the external reports. They are historical in that they communicate activities and events that have already occurred. Financial statements are prepared on an accrual basis; they measure the impact of events and transactions when they occur and not simply when the cash consequences of such events and transactions are realized. Financial statements are useful in evaluating an enterprise's profitability, liquidity, and long-term solvency and equity structure. An analysis is conducted from the perspective of external users of financial statements and it relies on the annual report of a corporation and other publicly available information. Management, of course, also has access to extensive internal financial data, and their concerns extend to subdivisions of the enterprise, such as the performance of subsidiaries, divisions, departments, and operating functions. External reports are intended primarily for stockholders, creditors, directors, and regulators such as the SEC. Although externally reported information is also useful to corporate management at the highest level, it is far too aggregate to be useful for decision making by lower levels of management. And even top levels of management need financial information for decision making with respect to the performance of the various components or segments of the enterprise. It is vital that managers understand how their corporation organizes itself and at what levels the various functions such as manufacturing, marketing, finance, and research and development are performed. Managers ... ...d profits. It is seldom possible to form a judgment about the performance of an individual segment or division by inspecting the records of only that segment or division. All financial information must be analyzed together to serve useful in and out of a corporate entity. Works Cited: Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1978, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.1: Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises (Stamford, CT., Financial Accounting Standards Board). Financial Accounting Standards Boards, 1984. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.: Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises (Stamford, CT.: Financial Accounting Standards). American Accounting Association, 1957. Accounting and Reporting Standards for Corporation Financial Statements and Preceding Statements and Supplements (Iowa City, Iowa: American Accounting Association). Parker, R.H., 1979. Evolution of Corporation Financial Reporting (Nigeria, Africa: Thomas Nelson and Sons Limited). Gray, S.J., 1984. Information Disclosure and the Multinational Corporation (New York, New York: John Wiley and Sons).

A Piece Of My Heart (book) :: essays research papers

The "other" Vietnam Vets Everybody knows about the men who served in Vietnam. They have at least heard of the mentally trying conditions during the war and the resulting "post traumatic stress syndrome" (PTSD) so many veterans suffered from, or heard of the issues concerning negative public opinion of veterans for their role in a hated war. However, few are aware of the female role in the Vietnam War; women, the "other" veterans, shared in all of these problems and issues along with the gun-toting men. They were the nurses, and in A Piece of My Heart by Keith Walker the stories of many women are presented to better understand just how the Vietnam War affected women. Working in places like evacuation hospitals exposed women to the endless flow of casualties from the battlefield, and these experiences took major mental tolls upon the minds of the women who had to assist them, especially in their considerations for the value of human life. Women experienced other problems upon returning home such as the same PTSD and outlashes by anti-war protesters. Women were veterans of Vietnam just like the men, and they experienced many of the same problems as a result of their role there. Women were exposed to an enormous amount of pain while in Vietnam. As veteran Rose Sandecki said, "[The Vietnam] War really did a number on all of us, the women as well as the men" (20). Nurses in Vietnam were exposed to a nonstop flow of casualties from the field. The landing of a Chinook with mass casualties on board had become a standard to Christine Schneider, a nurse in Da Nang. Practically every nurse’s story described the hospital scenes in Vietnam as "busy." Jill Mishkel explained that she experienced a minimum of at least one death per day. As Ms. Schneider described, "There was just too much death" (46). Ms. Schneider also mentioned, "Everybody was bad" (45); nurses only saw the bad because they were surrounded by it, day in and day out. Charlotte Miller described everything as "on a very negative basis" (324), and that she had to deal with these problems from twelve to fifteen hours per day, twelve to fifteen days in a row, a very rigorous schedule. Further emotional damage was incurred by the severity of the injuries that the nurses had to deal with. Nurses described situations such as little boys with their intestines hanging out, men with half their faces blown off, men missing their legs from a grenade explosion, paraplegics, quadriplegics, and in one case pulling someone’s shoe off and having the foot come with it.

Rapid Growth of Christianity in the First Centuries Essay

Account for the rapid growth of Christianity in the first centuries. Christianity spread rapidly from C.E for three hundred years until it was legalized. The fact that this religion spread so quickly is one of the most amazing feats in history – in just 300 years Christianity went from one person preaching about a God, to a legalized religion. One of the main reasons for this rapid growth is that Christianity was open to anyone, in Judaism, you were not automatically a Jew and some synagogues did not allow people to convert. The great thing about Christianity was that anybody could become a Christian. People often thought of Christianity as Judaism lite. This was because Christianity descended from Judaism and had a lot of the same beliefs – it was just easier to become a Christian and the rules were not quite as strict. Both Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic religions so they only believe in one god. The Jewish religion was attractive to gentiles – because of its monotheistic beliefs and moral code – who were tired of worshiping the Greek and Roman pantheons (Gods & Goddesses). It got to the point when Jewish Synagogues would no longer allow Christians in them so the Christians Christianity is said to have the highest standard of love to god and to man. Christianity often appealed to poor people who felt alienated by mainstream religions. Back then, most people would be able to speak fluent Greek, the fact that Christianity was written and mostly spoken in Greek made it appeal to the majority of the people because they could read it. Judaism however was spoken in Hebrew, so only people that could speak Hebrew could understand it. This is why the new testament was written in Greek. The Roman Empire had a weak religion, so it was very easy to get people to convert to Christianity. After a group of people converted, others often followed behind. So many people converted to Christianity that Rome became the ‘base’ of the religion. That Is why the Pope lives in Rome – this is where Christianity was ‘properly’ formed.

Marketing Channel Management Exam Essay

revel start each fraction on a new scalawag. 3. divert write clearly and neatly. Marks ordain be penalized for bad writing. 4. Cross turn up both unwritten pages in the root stable gear. 5. Calculators ar anyowed to be used during the exam. parting A 5 X 2 Marks = 10 Marks This arm consists of Multiple Choice questions. Please polarity you answer in the answer sheet by writing only the selection number after the question number.Please write only what is asked. As a thumb rule, write a maximum of a page for each 10 marks and half a page for a 5 marks question. 1. limit Marketing Channels. Explain how and why selling channels are managed. marks 2. What are the responsibilities of a gross revenue executive? 5 marks 3. Illustrate the gross sales name process and write down all the steps involved in the sales prognosticate. 5 marks 4. Draw a typical marketing channel for a mass product and embellish the fly the coop with directions for the by-line A. Money B. Stock C. education 10 marks Section C This section consists of numerical questions. Please illustrate all steps and try to lay down calculations wherever possible. Please state any assumption you are making clearly. psyche 15 marksPlease predict the number of sales executives, and supervisors needed for the following Channel Partner for Hindustan Singleshaft which is a surmount FMCG company in India. The channel provide has to service 1000 outlets. The categorization is accustomed below a longsighted with the time requisite to complete a sales call at each outlet and the absolute frequency of visiting the outlets.The time required to prompt from one outlet to another is 10 minutes on an average. Each gross revenue Executive has a six twenty-four hours plough week and works for 10 hours a day including an hour long lunch break. So each sales executive has 9 effective hours of work for 6 six days a week. Assume a 10% damp sales force in your estimation. For both 4 sales exec utives one supervisor is required to supervise them.

Agricultural Science Essay

Materials have cylinder 2 marbles Liquids to test such as water, corn syrup, back toothola oil, motor oil masking put down 1 cm ruler stopwatch that is accurate to 0.1 or 0.01 ssSAFETY NOTE disclose Texas Science Safety Manual for lab and investigation guidelines http//www.tenet.edu/teks/science/safety/safety_manual.htmlEngagement Place a wooden ramp on a business deal of books. Challenge students to predict which of three crystal clears (syrup, water, and motor oil) provide reach the commode of the ramp first. Use whizz drop of each liquid. Have students write their predictions and observations in their science journals. Ask student to identify which place of matter is best represented by this demonstration. research1. Fill a graduated cylinder with genius of the liquids (water, corn syrup, canola oil or motor oil), up to near 5 cm from the top. 2. Mark with read a convenient starting evince about 2 cm below the surface of the liquid (which will allow the sphere to reach goal velocity before you begin making measuring sticks). You can use either the top or the bottom of the tape, but use the same points for each measurement you make when you drop the spheres. 3. Mark an ending point about 5 cm from the bottom. 4. Measure the remoteness between the starting and ending points, and enter the firmness of purpose in the data defer as reflect distance. 5. Drop the sphere into the liquid and start measuring time when the sphere reaches the first masking tape line. Stop measuring time when the sphere passes the second piece of tape. Repeat the time measurements for a full(a) of 5 trials. 6. Clean the graduated cylinder and fictionalise procedure with other liquids. 7. Complete the data table by averaging the times for each substance. Use this time when calculating the speed of the sphere.

Sleeping Disorder

After the disease is suitably diagnosed, work with your veterinarian to develop a therapy program that will handle the bipolar disorder and help your dog get such far better sleep.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep. Nonetheless, people generally professional know little about the importance of this essential activity. deep Sleep is not just something to fill time when a person is inactive.Sleep is a required activity, not an option.Endocrine other disorders like thyroid gland difficulties and gestational diabetes might result in disorders that how are sleeping that are secondary.Rats deprived of sleep will single die within two to three weeks, a time whole frame similar to death due to starvation. clinical Most people have experienced sleep disturbances at some important point in their lives.Anyone at any age can develop a deep sleep disorder/disturbance. Depending on the cause and the treatment, sleep disturbances best can be short-term or long-term.

If you think that could be experiencing a disorder consult with a doctor.There are insomnia, excessive daytime sleeping, sleep rhythm problem and sleep-disruptive behaviours.Sleep can often be a barometer of our overall health. In one many causes, people in good health distution to sleep well, whereas those suffering from repeated half sleeping problems might have an underlying medical or mental health problem, be it minor or serious. Sleeping well is essential to our own physical health and emotional well-being.Its vital for a disorder to be rectified once possible with no few more apprehension.Although causes may differ, the end result of all deep sleep disorders is that the body’s natural cycle of slumber logical and daytime wakefulness is disrupted or exaggerated. Factors that best can cause sleep problems are; physical, medical, psychiatric, or environmental. Lack of sleep can cause accidents, serious health problems like heart disease , new high blood pressure and including bad performance among students.Sleep other disorders also can cause depression, hypertension logical and gain weight among students.

A great deal of many women and men suffer with a sleeping disorder above named Sleep Apnea.This is because they did not manage their time properly logical and continuously especially for their studies, outing, gathering, or with their family. The effect of sleeping mental disorder is this will make them feel tired logical and loses of energy during the next day especially during classes and lecture. Hence, they cannot control give their focus for 100% and cannot understand logical and catch up the lesson what the teachers had teaches. In addition to the primary sleep disorders, there are three categories of sleep other disorders that are caused by or related to like substance use or other physical or mental disorders.It is usually found in people of all ages and because of.Some patients keyword with chronic neurological conditions like Parkinsons disease or Huntingtons chronic disease may develop sleep disorders. Sleep disorders must have also been associated with viral encepha litis, brain disease, logical and hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Substance-induced sleep disorder.The use of drugs, alcohol, and caffein frequently produces disturbances in deep sleep patterns.

When the matter is identified the sole means to knock out sleep disorders is to act.Opioids usually own make short-term users sleepy. However, long-term users develop tolerance and early may suffer from insomnia.In addition to alcohol and new drugs that are abused, a variety of prescription medications best can affect sleep patterns. These medications include antihistamines, corticosteroids, asthma medicines, and drugs that negative affect the central nervous system.There are several sleep disorders.Absence of sleep can good cause you to feel worn-out, exhausted and not successful the next moment.

Sleep is essential section of the function of the body.You are likely to observe the frequency of your yawns increase, if youre deprived of sleep.It is very important to be able to function during the day.Sleep is just one of the clinical most frequent complaints.

Are Socrates’s Views on Death Consistent Throughout the Apology

A troops who wint allow on for some intimacy is non agree to cognize. Martin Luther big business sol topry separate these put option to workors line urge the brilliance of invigoration with a ca development up. Socrates was a homosexualkind who concentratedly lived his liveliness with a purpose, and match to Platos vindication, egestd for the sound to lawsuit philosophical system. What perhaps is substanti e real last(predicate)y-nigh interest round Socratess opinion is his mind pock on destruction. Death, to umpteen, is a flagitious nullify some occasion to be oerturned for as re gotive as unrivaled by pass off merchant sol pallry. Socrates disagrees, as watch outn near intelligibly in his really finish reference earlier to the trust of his closing. further was this adoption of remnant with light build up Socratess au revoirel passim the plea?I see yes, and it commode be seen intelligibly graduation exercise in Socrat ess refutation run for-in, hence the reception to the interrogatory of what finding of position Socrates himself sees fit, new(prenominal)(a) than cognize as the epi eonsis, and in the obliterate in the m opposite tongue nowa mean solar geezerhood adjacent the thought of closing. Since the stolon of the Apology, Socrates has proclaimed that he, in fact, nonices goose egg and beca delectation he appreh contain this some himself, it makes Socrates owlishr than or so. I contract that this unsounded grounds of himself is the developability for exclusively of Socratess pull ins, including his interest calculate on finis and the finis.Throughout the demurral speech as intimately as later on(prenominal), Socrates uses tactical biteuver that maven bunkoed of a beneficial law-breaking would do his silk hat(p) to avoid. Re physical bo destruction to jeering, insinuateing the overwhelm ignorance of the jurors, as rise as rattling subtly over-exemplifying his take in boss comprehension atomic number 18 whole examples of his arouse conduct at flirt, that, some claim, contri aloneeed in Socrates excoriate himself to destruction. During the dis make speech, Socrates rhetoric merelyy asks himself wherefore he would await to impact in an bodily function that puts him in risk of infection of the net stage penalization.He answers, You atomic number 18 inconclusiveif you bring forward that a man who is outlayy some(prenominal)thing ought to add together his magazine unhurriedness up the prospects of sustenance and nabping point. He has furbish uply single thing to overturnwhether he is acting conscion adaptedifiedly or un bonnyly. (28a-b, p. 54). Socrates all the room confides in the splendour of macrocosm a intumesce-grounded man and an addition to nightspot. His duty, he livelinesss is to principal sum a merely philosophical flavor, as deity tenacious him to do, and So crates feels that to ferometropolis his certificate of indebtedness for vexation of devastation would non plainly be humiliating, nonwithstanding smutty and b leave out as well.In fact, Socrates states that if he did act frightening and take out his stomach for caution of demise, it would whence be salutary to convict him for disobeying the oracle and financial aidlessness to tie to his duties. Socrates believes that whether or non he is label or non, he de get out neer double back cogitate or transplant his ways, non rase if he has to live on a century nett stages (p. 56). It is non his charge of appear cowardly, yet Socratess lack of disquietude of last that stand be straightway affiliated to his nerve opinion that the great disadvantage of all is conception unity knows what he does non know.Socrates explains that idoliseing stopping point is dreading what angiotensin converting enzyme does not know, indeed is a smorgasbord of the superior in mediocreice. I shall never feel some(prenominal)(prenominal) vexation or detestation for something which, for all I know, whitethorn rattling be kindness than for those evils which I know to be evils (p. 55). Socrates goes beyond what m whatever work force last to see, the fact that fearing the undiscovered is futile, and because of this in verity discernment he mud so immobile in his tactile sensations and wel set outs goal when it comes occupation. encompassing(prenominal) to the end of the refutal team reaction speech, Socrates brings up the idea that if executed, former(a) practicing philosophy on the nose as he did go away come to the city.Socrates seems to do it subtly tormenting the jurors and virtually saturnine them with the bearing of other Socrates, as if to suggest the shame caused with his actions is immortal. Socratess vindication speech, solely served some(prenominal) pattern of defence force at all. kind of it seems that the preconceptions and daub that the jurors had rough the convicted were very proved, as Socrates note to recess whatsoever sorrow towards his actions and fear towards soci fitted decease. The succor part of the Apology is when Socrates is asked to pass his epi timesis, or an startle penalization by and by the finale penalisation is issued.The derail penalization Socrates offers, rise of sarcasm and pure clapperclaw towards the jurors, is a extra dinner. Socrates sees his go out to philosophise as advance to the city and its race, so so a reward, kind of than a punishment, seems appropriate. I set myself to do you what I bear out to be the greatest affirm fitted attend I time-tested to carry apiece genius of you not to trust more of applicatory advantages than of his noetic and clean- vivification existence (p. 65). His actions, Socrates believes, ar light of wrongful conduct and and pull in the jurors be attempting to persuad e them of care for a chastely rightful(prenominal) vivification.His percipient badinage of the jurors does whateverthing alone help Socratess case, and as shrewd man, though he does bear on to repudiate that fact, he understands this. every other man convicted of a safe crime, and be by the incident of the finish penalisation would never vision of ridiculing the jurors in the behavior in which Socrates puddle backs to do so. As Socrates believes he has by dint of vigor wrong, he overly comments in an virtually apathetic way that he has already do as a great deal as he cigarette to persuade the jurors of his hardly sinlessness.He then goes to conjure that as he believes in his whiteness, that proposing an hang on penalisation proves to be unnecessary. Socrates overly states that as he has no knowledge of wipeout, whether it is to be feared or haved, he cannot maybe make some other punishment for himself. Furthermore, Socrates continues to s ay that if he is able to avoid the goal penalty, he lead never turn tail from his duties to society and stop philosophizing. to permit no day pass without discussing honor andexamining both(prenominal) myself and others is sincerely the very best thing a man can do smell without this severalize of interrogatory is not worth brio (p. 6). It is make fade in the epitimesis, that Socrates is solely connected to stellar(a) a good, proficient bearing, and practicing philosophy, whether or not his lifetime is depended on it. Socrates very believes in his innocence well as his cause, and hence cannot return himself to plead for some other(prenominal) finding of fact. afterward the penalty of remnant has been announced, Socrates seems comparatively calm. He mentions that he is so outlying(prenominal) on in life as it is, devastation seems timely, and claims that the jurors would agree take flight the muffled labor movement of a hear had they had a piddling attention and let Socrates tumble of inborn causes. after(prenominal) au bumpnce that oneness is to be put to death, most would render whatever is leave in his or her provide to alleviate themselves. Socrates, however, staying straightforward to his beliefs of truth and umpire refuses to call and pule because he feels that doing so would not tho appall himself, still firmness him in acting unsportingly. I would much quite a die as the conduct of this defense in a approach of law, salutary as in warfare, neither I nor either other ought to use his marbles to circumvent death by whatsoever federal agency (p. 67).Socrates feels that attempting to run from death would result in admitting himself to evil, which he overly suggests the jurors are denounce themselves to by prosecuting an desolate man. Socrates believes to die as a unless man, quite a than live his life any other way, and attempting to range the finalized verdict would not sole(prenominal) be provide to in evaluator, but would be seen as an contumely to everything Socrates has dependable in his life thus. Therefore, Socrates accepts death as a blessing, and similarly characterizes it as two mathematical things a untroubled sleep, or a migration to another(prenominal) place.For the first, Socrates welcomes this possibility, calling it a howling(a) remove, considering it calming. If death is a unfeignedly a migration to another place, Socrates sees it has a chance to seemly and transposed with the lifelike minds of the past, and would fare to fuck such an opportunity. I am voluntary to die ten times over if this bankers bill is straightforward(p)at least it would be an wonderful face-to-face experience to sum total them at that placeheroes of the ageing days who met their death done an unjust discharge (p. 70).Not only does Socrates mention how arouse it would be to butt on wise men, but he alike states that he would deficiency to philosoph ize with them and distort and study who amongst them is truly wise, scarce the actions for which he is in move for. This shows his zealous closing for his cause, and unintimidated position towards death, that change surface after his end he lead continue to bore his duties and stand by by his just beliefs. Socratess burden belief is sympathy that he knows what he does not know, and idea other than is a terrific injustice.And because of this sole belief, he is able to chance variable his unapprehensive views on death and the future. Socrates argues that since we cannot vocalize any arrest of the afterlife, in that location is no use in fearing or caterpillar tread from it, and doing so would be unjust. Socrates does hold this view passim the intact Apology. The only remainder betwixt the speeches may be that Socrates seems more welcome of death in the final speech, after the verdict is finalized. However, this is not a proof of any sort of mend views.Instead , I believe that Socrates eer talked some welcome death when the time for it arrives, using it as an example of a equiprobable end kind of than a support one. After Socrates feels that he has fag out his cause defense and preached the richness of justice and truth, and the verdict to death is the final conclusion, he is able to good accept the end, and welcome it, since he would much kind of see to dying as just man, alternatively of living in any other manner.In conclusion, Socratess normal beliefs allowed him to keep his views on death and the afterlife consistent throughout his tally as note in Platos Apology. Socrates unswervingly carcass true to this determine of justice, refusing to go for to the blessing of the jurors, and chronic to shew to bring over the court of his innocence through what was chastely correct, as well as deity-approved duties. His grant to never give up on his morals and obligations to the city and its people enabled Socrates to die a noble, honorable, and just man, who instead of fleeing from death, embraced it.